PSYCH 110 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Psychology?II. Levels of Psychological AnalysisIII. Challenges of PsychologyIV. Psychology as a ScienceV. Science as a Safeguard Against BiasVI. PseudoscienceVII. Warning Signs of PseudoscienceOutline of Current Lecture I. Proof vs. EvidenceII. Why Are We Drawn to Pseudoscience?III. Traps in Thinking (Logical Fallacies)IV. Thinking Critically and CreativelyV. Brief Hisstory of Psychologya. Early Historyb. Great Theoretical Frameworksc. Great DebatesVI. Psychology TodayCurrent LectureProof vs. Evidence Proof is a much stronger claimo Proof claims to be "right" or "wrong" while evidence stands for itself Evidence can be weak or strong Anecdotes can be useful evidence, but don't "prove" effectivenesso Anecdotes: stories/ testimonials used to endorse a product or idea ex: the "before" and "after" pictures and interviews with weight loss trend participants Why are we Drawn to Pseudoscience?o Our brains attempt to make order of of disordero This can lead us to see nonexistant patterns in events Apophenia: perceiving meaningful connections among unrelated, even random things- ex: paranormal activityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Pareidolia: seeing images is meaningless visual stimuli- ex: seeing the face of Jesus in your grilled cheeseTraps in thinking (Logical Fallacies)I. Emotional ReasoningII. Bandwagon FallacyIII. Either-orIV. "Not me"V. Appeal to authorityScientific Thinking: Thinking Critically and Creatively1. Critical Thinking: Set of skills for evaluting all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.I. A hallmark of scientific skepticism2. 6 principles of Scientific Thinking:I. Ruling ot rival hypothesesII. Correlation vs. CausationIII. Falsifiability: Can the claim be disproven?IV. Replicability: Can the results be duplicated?V. Extraordinary Claims: Is the evidence that stron?VI. Occam's razor: Does another explanation fit the data? The simpler the explanation, the betterBrief History of PsychologyI. Early Historya. For many centuries, psychology and philosophy were the sameb. 1800's: First psychology lab in Germanyc. William James: Established the first psych lab in the USII. Great Theoretical Frameworksa. Structuralismi. Early apprach emphasizing introspection to "map" elements of consciousnessii. Weaknesses: reliance on the subjectiveiii. Established by: Edward Bradford Titchenerb. Functionalismi. Approach to undeerstand the functions or adaptive purposes of thoughts/feelings/behaviorsii. While Structuralism asks "how," functionalism asks "why"iii. Established by: Whilliam James, who was influenced by Charles Darwinc. Behavioralismi. Must be completely objectiveii. Scientifically rigorous; focused on observable behavioriii. Focuses on rewards and punishersiv. Established by: John B. Watson, B.F. Skinnerd. Cognitismi. Examins the role of mental processes on behaviorsii. Focuses on how events are interpretediii. Established by: Jean Piaget, Ulric Neissere. Psychoanalysisi. Uncovers the role of unconscious psychological processes and early life experiences in behaviorii. Deals with Sexuality and Aggressioniii. Established by: Sigmund FreudIII. "The Great Debates"a. Nature vs Nurturei. The question of whether a person's development and personality are more a result of genetics (Nature) or his or her upbringing (Nurture)b. Mind-Bodyi. The question of whether the mind and body are distinct. 1. "monism" vs "dualism"c. Free will determinationi. The question of whether a person has complete control over his or her destinyPsychology Today Very Diverseo Over 500,000 psychologists worldwideo Psychologists work in a multitude of enviornments such as: Universities Hospitals Counseling Centers Private