CP Cause 1THE CAUSESOF CORPORAL PUNISHMENTWHY DO SOME PARENTS USE CP AND OTHERS RARELY OR NEVER?WHY DO SOME SOCIETIES OR GROUPS IN A SOCIETY USE CP FREQUENTLY AND OTHERS RARELY HIT CHILDREN?CP Cause 2FIVE TYPES OF CAUSES OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT1. Misbehavior by the child2. Cultural norms permitting or requiring corporal punishment3. Social learning from having experienced it4. Social Organization5. Personality and skills of the parentWILL PUT SOME OF THESE PIECES TOGETHER AT THE END TO EXPLAIN WHY CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IS MORE FREQUENT IN THE SOUTHCP Cause 3Chart 3-2.1. The More Misbehavior the More Likely A Child is to Be Spanked0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%12345Low Antisocial Behavior Scale Fifths High Percent Spanked in Last Week1. MISBEHAVIOR - A KEY CAUSE, BUT ONLY ONE OF MANY2. HOW DOES THIS CHART ILLUSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR”CP Cause 4THE CONCEPT OF A“RISK FACTOR”• A CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM• EXAMPLES:– SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33% chance)– MALE DOMINANCE AND WIFE BEATING– (20% chance - 7 fold increase) – SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY– (24% chance - 5 fold increase)– BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE BEATING– (19% chance - 3 fold increase)CP Cause 5Chart 3-2.1. The More Misbehavior the More Likely A Child is to Be Spanked0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%12345Low Antisocial Behavior Scale Fifths High Percent Spanked in Last Week1. MISBEHAVIOR - A KEY CAUSE, BUT ONLY ONE OF MANY2. HOW DOES THIS CHART ILLUSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF A “RISK FACTOR”CP Cause 62. CULTURAL NORMS THAT PERMIT OR REQUIRE USE OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENTCP Cause 7CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS BEEN THE NORMFOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, AND STILL ISANCIENT ISRAEL: "He that spareth his rod hateth his son; but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes Proverbs 13:24"This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard. Then all the men of the town shall stone him to death. Deuteronomy 22;1218thCENTURY ENGLAND: "When they turned a year old..., they were taught to fear the rod and to cry softly...." (Susanna Wesley to her son John, the founder of the Methodist Church, cited in Miller and Swanson 1958:10)CP Cause 8CP Cause 91897CP Cause 10CIRCA1940CP Cause 111945 - BORDEN CHOCOLAT MILK ADVERTISEMENT,CP Cause 121975CP Cause 131986CP Cause 14CONTEMPORARY AMERICA2004CP Cause 15Susan Lawrence is pressing US authorities to ban sales of The Rod, a $5 whipping tool. Boston Globe Staff Photo / John Tlumacki 10 January 2005)CP Cause 16BOOKS RECOMMENDING HITTING INFANTS(Sold by Amazon Books, 2005)What the Bible Says about Child Trainingby Richard FugateShepherding a Child's Heartby Ted TrippTo Train Up a Childby Michael & Debi PearlChild Training Tipsby Reb BradleyCP Cause 17CURRENTAMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD CP(Norms = Typical Attitudes Of A Group)Well summarized by national survey in August 200572% of Americans agreed that it is “ok to spank a child”31% “ok to wash a child’s mouth out with soap”23% “ok for a teacher to spank” (Survey USA)President of the Sioux Falls Parent-Teacher Association“I would agree that it is not OK for a teacher to spank a child because of a concern for the child’s safety. Some may say it is a spank, but it may be a hard hit.” She also said she supports a parent’s right to discipline his or her child. (David Kranz, Argus Leader, 09/4/05). Note: she said nothing about child safety when parents hit children.CP Cause 18HOW SOCIAL NORMS ARE TRANSMITTEDAND ENFORCEDCP Cause 19Pinheiro, P. S. (2006). Ending legalised violence against children. Geneva, Switzerland: Published by Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, Global Report 2006.CP Cause 20505254565860622-4 5-9 10-12 13-14AGE OF CHILDPERCENT ADVISEDTOSPANKALMOST TWO THIRDS OF MOTHERS OF TODDLERS HAD BEEN ADVISED TO SPANK IN THE PREVIOUS SIX MONTHSLESS -- BUT STILL A MAJORITY – OF MOTHERS OF EARLY TEEN-AGERS GOT THE SAME ADVICE1003 Mothers of children age 2-14 in two Minnesota countiesCP Cause 21"My mom and dad are furious with me for refusing to spank my daughter. I tried to explain to them that I don’t believe in it and manage very well without it. They tell me the way I am raising her goes against the will of God. My daughter sees very little of her grandparents now. I can't let them baby sit. In fact I am afraid to leave them alone with her for a minute. It’s sad, but what else can I do?" FAMILY PRESSURECP Cause 22CP Cause 233. LEARNING FROM HAVING EXPERIENCED CORPORAL PUNISHMENT(MODELING, SOCIAL LEARNING)CP Cause 24CP Cause 25CP Cause 26CP Cause 274. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONCP Cause 28THE MORE CHILDREN, THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO BE SPANKED FREQUENTLY0246810121416181234+NUMBER OF CHILDREN415 Children age 8-13, National Longitudinal Study Of YouthPercent Spanked Three or More Times In Past WeekCP Cause 29MOTHERS ARE MORE VIOLENT TO CHILDRENTHAN FATHERS(representative sample of 4,252 children in ChicagoFathers, 4Mothers, 6Fathers, 23Fathers, 56Mothers, 33Mothers, 710 1020304050607080Physical Abuseexcluding "hitwith object"Physical Abuseincluding "hitwith object"CorporalPunishment`PERCENTWHY IS THIS SOCIAL ORGAN-IZATION?Molnar, B. E. et al. (2003). A multilevel study of neighborhoods and parent-to-child physical aggression: Results from the project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods. Child Maltreatment.CP Cause 30SINGLE PARENTS USE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT & MORE PHYSICAL ABUSE2 Parents, 5Single Par, 72 Parents, 302 Parents, 68Single Par, 37Single Par, 710 20406080Physical Abuseomitting "hitwith object"Physical AbuseCorporalPunishmentPERCENT%Molnar, B. E. et al. (2003). A multilevel study of neighborhoods and parent-to-child physical aggression: Results from the project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods. Child Maltreatment.CP Cause 31SOCIAL CLASS / SOCIOECONOMIC STATSCP Cause 32Chart 1-1.3 The Higher The Socioeconomic Status,The Lower The Percent Who Used Corporal Punishment* Adjusted for age and sex of parent and child, race of the child, single parent, and region.4550556065707580LOW 1 2 3 4 5 HIGHSocioeconomic Status Quintile% Used Corporal Punishment In Past YerarObservedAdjusted*CP Cause 33CP Cause 34RACE/ETHNIC GROUPMean Corporal Punishment Score–African American parents 11.4–Caucasian parents 8.2WHY? Because of low SES and living in violent neighborhoods“Attachment among