GASOLINE: Energy content: 43 to 47 KJ/gram not much different from candlewax or candybars (physical density of gasoline is about .73 times that of water (.73 g/cc…it floats!). Coal…15 to 19 KJ/gram H H H H H H H | | | | | | | H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H Heptane | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H Octane | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | | H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H Nonane | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H | | | | | | | | | | H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H Decane | | | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H H H H Typical molecules found in gasoline Rough Values of Power of Various Processes (watts) Solar power in all directions 1027 Solar power incident on earth 1017 Solar power avg. on U.S. 1015 Solar power consumed in photosynthesis 1014U.S. power consumption rate 1013 U.S. electrical power 1012 Large electrical generating plant 109 Automobile at 40 mph…note this is not the output which only about 30% of the energy input..PBR 105 Solar power on roof of U.S. home 104 U.S. citizen consumption rate 104 Electric stove 104 Solar power per m2 on U.S. surface …this seems a little low…it’s 1342 watts per m2 outside the atmosphere, about 1000 watts per m2 at high noon on the ground, and on average (day and night) about 240 watts per meter2 absorbed at the ground. This is the average over the Earth too…PBR 102 One light bulb 102 Food consumption rate per capita U.S. 102 Electric razor 101 Energy Content of Fuels (in Joules) Energy Unit Joules Equivalent (S.I.) gallon of gasoline 1.3x108 AA battery 103 standard cubic foot of natural gas (SCF) 1.1x106 candy bar 106 barrel of crude oil (contains 42 gallons) 6.1x109 pound of coal 1.6 x 107 pound of gasoline 2.2 x 107 pound of oil 2.4 x 107 pound of Uranium-235 3.7 x 1013 ton of coal 3.2 x 1010 ton of Uranium-235 7.4 x 1016 Energy Conversions Energy Unit Equivalent1 Btu 1055 joules or 778 ftlb or 252 cal 1 calorie 4.184 joules 1 food Calorie 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie 1 hphr 2.68 106 joules or 0.746 kwh 1 kwh 3.61106 joules or 3413 Btu 1 eV 1.610-19 joules Fuel Requirements for a 1000MWe Power Plant =109 watts (2.4 1011 Btu/day energy input) =2.53x1014 joules/day = 2.9x109 watts = 2200 Mwatts thermal fuel energy Coal: 9000 tons/day of 1 "unit train load" (100 90 - ton cars/day) Oil: 40,000 bbl/day or 1 tanker per week (note: "bbl" means barrels) Natural Gas: 2.4 l08 SCF/day Uranium (as 235U): 3 kg/day Note: 1000 MWe utility, at 60% load factor, = 6 x 105 kw generates 5.3 x 109 kwh/year, enough for a city of about 1 million people in the U.S.A . (Note: MWE is an abbreviation for megawatts-electrical output) Geographic Energy Needs U.S. Total Energy Consumption (1990)= 82.11015 Btu (82.1 Quads) = 38.8 MBPD oil equivalent = 86.6x109 GJ = 86.6 exaJoule; (recall 1 Quad is a quadrillion (1015) BTU or 1.055 exaJoules (1.055 x 1018 Joules). Since 1990 we’ve gone up….global energy consumption (marketable energy) is almost 400 exaJoules in 2000. Everyday Usage and Energy Equivalencies Everyday Usage and Energy Equivalencies 1 barrel of oil = driving 1400 km (840 miles) in average car 1 kwh electricity = 1½ hours of operation of standard air conditioner = 92 days for electric clock = 24 hours for color TV One million Btu equals approximately 90 pounds of coal 125 pounds of ovendried wood 8 gallons of motor gasoline 10 therms of natural gas 1.1 day energy consumption per capita in the U.S.Power is the amount of energy used per unit time - or how fast energy is being used. If we multiply a unit of power by a unit of time, the result is a unit of energy. Example: kilowatt-hour. Power Conversions Power Unit Equivalent 1 watt 1 joule/s or 3.41 Btu/hr 1 hp or 2545 Btu/hr or 746 watts Power Converted to Watts Quantity Equivalent 1 Btu per hour 0.293 W 1 joule per second 1 W 1 kilowatt-hour per day 41.7 W 1 food Calorie per minute 69.77 W 1 horsepower 745.7 W 1 kilowatt 1000 W 1 Btu per second 1054 W 1 gallon of gasoline per hour 39 kW 1 million barrels of oil per day 73 GW Rough Values of the Energies of Various Occurrences Occurrence Energy (J) Creation of the Universe 1068 Emission from a radio galaxy 1055 E = mc2 of the Sun 1047 Supernova explosion 1044 Yearly solar emission 1034 Earth moving in orbit 1033 D-D fusion energy possible from worlds oceans 1031 Earth spinning 1029 Earth's annual sunshine 1025Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction theory meteorite 1023 Energy available from earth's fossil fuels 1023 Yearly U.S. sunshine 1023 Annual tidal friction 1020 U.S. energy consumption 1020 Exploding volcano (Krakatoa) 1019 Severe earthquake (Richter 8) 1018 100-megaton H-bomb 1017 Fission one ton of Uranium 1017 E = mc2 of 1 kilogram 1017 Burning a million tons of coal 1016 Energy to create Meteor Crater in Arizona 1016 1000-MW power station (1 year) 1016 Hurricane 1015 Rough Values of the Energies of Various Events Occurrence Energy (J) Creation of the Universe 1068 Emission from a radio galaxy 1055 E = mc2 of the Sun 1047 Supernova explosion 1044 Yearly solar emission 1034 Earth moving in orbit 1033 D-D fusion energy possible from worlds oceans 1031 Earth spinning 1029 Earth's annual sunshine 1025 Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction theory meteorite 1023 Energy available from earth's fossil fuels 1023 Yearly U.S. sunshine 1023 Annual tidal friction 1020 U.S. energy consumption 1020 Exploding volcano (Krakatoa) 1019 Severe earthquake (Richter 8) 1018 100-megaton H-bomb 1017Fission one ton of Uranium 1017 E = mc2 of 1 kilogram 1017 Burning a million tons of coal 1016 Energy to create Meteor Crater in Arizona 1016 1000-MW power station (1 year) 1016 Hurricane 1015 Thunderstorm 1015 Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima) 1014 E = mc2 of 1 gram 1014 Energy to put the space shuttle in orbit 1013 Energy used in one year per capita U.S. 1012 Atlantic crossing (one way) of jet airliner 1012 Saturn V rocket 1011 Energy to heat a house for one year 1011 D-D fusion energy possible from 1 gal. of water 1011 One year of electricity for the average house 1010 Lightening bolt 1010 Burning a cord of wood 1010 One gallon of gasoline 108 100-W light bulb left on for one day 107 Human daily diet 107 One day of heavy manual labor 107 Explosion of 1 kg of TNT 106 Woman running for 1 hr 106 Candy bar 106 Burning