DENDROCLIMATOLOGYBasic Principles and MethodsChronology DevelopmentReconstruction of Climate VariablesHistorical DevelopmentApplications of DendroclimatologySingle Site ReconstructionsTree-Ring NetworksClimate-Related ReconstructionsInvestigations in the TropicsChanging SignalsConclusionsSee alsoReferencesSolar Activity. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication289, 1–127.Eckstein, D., and Pilcher, J. R. (1990). Dendrochronology inwestern Europe. In Methods of Dendrochronology:Applications in the Environmental Sciences (E. R. Cook andL. A. Kairiukstis, Eds.), pp. 11–13. Kluwer AcademicPublishers, Boston, MA.Friedrich, M., Remmele, Kromer, B., Hofmann, J., Spurk, M., Kaiser,K., Orcel, C., and Kuppers, M. (2005). The 12,460-YearHohenheim Oak and Pine tree-ring chronology from CentralEurope-a unique annual record for radiocarbon calibration andpaleoenvironment reconstructions. Radiocarbon 46, 1111–1122.Fritts, H. C. (1976). Tree Rings and Climate. Academic Press, NewYork.Fritts, H. C. 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Geomorphology 34(3–4), 181–194.DENDROCLIMATOLOGYB H Luckman, University of Western Ontario,Ontario, Canadaª 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Tree-ring series provide the most widely distributedand easily accessible archive of annually resolvedproxy climate data. In regions with well-definedseasonal growth, the annual growth rings of treesprovide both chronological control and a continuoustime series of proxy environmental variables. Theyear-to-year variability of the physical (e.g., widthand density) and chemical properties of these annualrings provides potential proxies for the environmen-tal factors that influence tree growth.Dendroclimatology can be defined simply as ‘thescience that uses tree-rings to study present climateand reconstruct past climate’ (Grissino-Meyer, n.d.),and during the past 30 years it has become a majortool in the reconstruction of climates of the pastmillennium in many areas of the world (Hughes,2002).DENDROCLIMATOLOGY 465Basic Principles and MethodsThe process of matching patterns of tree-ring widthbetween series (cross-dating) is one of the fundamen-tals of dendrochronology. It is used to verify the datingof tree-ring series and, in some cases, to demonstratethat the series are annual. For cross-dating to be suc-cessful, the ring parameters must vary synchronouslyamong series, reflecting a common response to anexternal variable. Tree growth is influenced by manyfactors, but often only one is strongly and consistentlylimiting. Successful