Course Packet for GEOS 342: Concepts in Earth and Space Sciences Spring Semester, 2010* Copyright © 2010 by Ann Bykerk-Kauffman Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences California State University, Chico Chico, CA 95929-0205 * If you are not enrolled in this class during the Spring 2010 Semester, you have the wrong course packet. Please return it to the Association of Geological and Environmental Students (AGES) and exchange it for the correct lab manual for the correct semester. Thank you.About the Cover Source of the image: http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2001-000009.html Image #68-HC-870 NASA Photo ID: AS08-14-2383 File Name: 10074963.jpg Photographers: Crew of the Apollo 8 NASA mission to the moon Date of photograph: December 22, 1968 Title of photograph: View of rising Earth about five degrees above the Lunar horizon Explanation: During the 1968 Christmas season Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders flew the Apollo 8 command module From the Earth to the Moon and back (launched Dec. 21, achieved 10 lunar orbits, landed Dec. 27). The Apollo 8 mission's impressive list of firsts includes; the first manned flight using the Saturn V rocket, the first humans to journey to the Earth's Moon, and the first to photograph the Earth from deep space. This view of the rising Earth greeted the Apollo 8 astronauts as they came from behind the Moon after the lunar orbit insertion burn. Earth is about five degrees above the horizon in the photo. The unnamed surface features in the foreground are near the eastern limb of the Moon as viewed from Earth. The lunar horizon is approximately 780 kilometers from the spacecraft. Width of the photographed area at the horizon is about 175 kilometers. On the Earth 240,000 miles away, the sunset terminator crosses Africa. The south pole is in the white area near the left end of the terminator. North and South America are under the clouds. The lunar surface probably has less pronounced color than indicated by this print. Food for Thought: Think about these questions. 1. Why did the Earth look like a lop-sided football instead of a full circle? 2. What were the relative positions of the sun, Earth and moon on December 22, 1968? 3. On that same day (December 22, 1968), what did the moon look like from Earth (i.e. what was the phase of the moon?) 4. Why is the South Pole “up?” 5. From any one place on the moon, does Earth ever really “rise” or “set?”Table of Contents i General Information Who Makxs a Group a Succxss?................................................................................. GI– 1 California Science Education Standards: Earth Science K–8..................................... GI– 3 California Science Education Standards: Investigation and Experimentation K–8.... GI– 9 List of Materials on Reserve in the Library ............................................................... GI– 13 Descriptions of Moon Project Topics ......................................................................... GI– 15 Part A: Earthquakes, Convection, Plate Tectonics, and Igneous Activity Supplemental Readings: Supplemental Readings on Earthquakes................................. A– 1 Supplemental Readings on Plate Tectonics and Convection.. A– 7 Homework Assignments: Homework #1: Earthquakes .................................................. A– 13 Homework #2: Plate Tectonics and Convection ................... A– 21 Homework #3: Igneous Processes and Rocks ....................... A– 31 Lab Activities: Earthquakes............................................................................................ A– 39 Density, Buoyancy and Convection....................................................... A– 47 Igneous Processes .................................................................................. A– 63 Igneous Rocks........................................................................................ A– 69 Lecture Notes: Earthquakes.............................................................................................. A– 75 Convection and Plate Tectonics............................................................... A– 81 Igneous Processes and Plate Tectonics.................................................... A– 85 Practice Exam #1: Questions .......................................................................................... A– 89 Answer Key ...................................................................................... A– 95 Part B: The Rock Cycle.............................................................................................. B– 1 Supplemental Readings: Supplemental Readings on Minerals.......................................... B– 3 Homework Assignments: Homework #4: Minerals........................................................... B– 9 Homework #5: Sedimentary Rocks.......................................... B– 17 Homework #6: Completing the Rock Cycle............................. B– 23 Lab Activities: Minerals .................................................................................................... B– 31 Sedimentary Processes.............................................................................. B– 47 Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks...................................................... B– 55 Field Trip to Bear Hole in Upper Bidwell Park........................................ B– 61 Lecture Notes: How Minerals are Formed.......................................................................... B– 73 Sedimentation and Sedimentary Rocks ...................................................... B– 79 Practice Exam #2: Questions ............................................................................................. B– 83 Answer Key ......................................................................................... B–99p. ii Table of Contents Part C: Astronomy Homework Assignments: Homework #7: The Moon........................................................ C– 1 Homework #8: The Causes of the Seasons .............................. C– 5 Homework #9: Apparent Motions of the Heavens Due to Actual Motions of the Earth ............................................. C– 11 Lab Activities: The Moon's Phases and Eclipses