SyllabusIII. Interaction of the Interstellar Medium with the HeliosphereV. Transport and Acceleration of Charged ParticlesVI. Solar Energetic ParticlesVII. Other Energetic Particles SourcesPhysics 954 Eberhard MöbiusPHYSICS 954Solar Wind and Cosmic RaysSpring Semester 2001Instructor: Prof. Eberhard MöbiusPhysics Department andInstitute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and SpaceOffice: Morse Hall, Room 407Phone 862-3097E-Mail [email protected] hours: Tu, We, Fr 1100 – 1200 amCourse Materials: Book: May-Britt Kallenrode, Space Physics, Springer Verlag, Berlin, New-York, 1998.On Reserve in Physics Library:- Books according to bibliography- Folders with relevant papers- Folder with Lecture Notes (to be updated during course)WWW Page http://www-ssg.sr.unh.edu/Physics954/954.htmlGrading: Based on:A) Homework ≈ every 2 weeks (≈7) 20%B) Class Participation includes discussion of one homework 10%C) Presentation teaching of one class 15%D) Term Paper about topic of class presentation 20%E) Midterm Exam 15%F) Final Exam 20%Term Paper Draft due: Monday, April 9 (15%)14.01.2019 1Physics 954 Eberhard Möbiusafter conference Rev. due: Friday, May 11 (5%)Midterm Exam: Friday, March 914.01.2019 2Physics 954 Eberhard MöbiusSyllabusThe solar wind provides a very versatile laboratory to study the physics of interacting plasmasand the transport and acceleration of particles in space. The acceleration of the hot corona to asupersonic wind and its interaction with the interstellar neighborhood is a basic example for thesurroundings of stars. Wherever the supersonic solar wind runs into obstacles the formation ofshock waves: at planetary magnetospheres and comets, in the transition from high to low speedsolar wind, at coronal mass ejections, and at the heliospheric boundary. Shock waves are knownas very efficient particle accelerators in the cosmos. A wide variety of them can be studied in-situ within the solar system itself. The populations of particles, which are accelerated ininterplanetary space, range from the solar wind proper, via particles from the planetary andcometary environments to the interstellar gas. In addition, particles accelerated at the sun duringsolar flares and cosmic rays from outside the heliosphere have to be considered. We will includethe discussion of the instrumentation necessary to study these phenomena experimentally.0. IntroductionGoalsGradingOverviewI. Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic FieldSolar WindHistoric overviewSolar atmosphere and static coronaSupersonic expansion of the solar wind (heating, heat transport)Interplanetary Magnetic FieldOne Fluid MagnetohydrodynamicsMagnetic field topology (transport of magnetic flux)Angular momentum transportMHD WavesSound wavesAlfvèn wavesInteraction with Obstacles (Planets, comets, etc.)Shock WavesRankine-Hugoniot relationsMagnetized shocksBow shocks, Heliospheric termination shockII. Plasma Instrumentation: Low Energy Particles and Fields14.01.2019 3Physics 954 Eberhard MöbiusObservation Requirements Measurement parameters Particle InstrumentsFaraday cupElectrostatic analyzerMass SpectrometersTime-of-flightNeutral atom instrumentsField InstrumentsMagnetometerElectric field instruments Double probeElectron drift methodIII. Interaction of the Interstellar Medium with the HeliosphereSolar wind neutral gas interactionObservationsSources of the neutral gas and their ionizationPickup processTransport of Particles in Interplanetary SpaceDiffusionConvectionAdiabatic decelerationFocusing effectsModeling of interstellar gas in the solar systemInterstellar neutral gas distribution in the heliosphereDiagnostics of the local interstellar mediumBoundary of the heliosphereSize of the heliosphereTermination shockIV. Cosmic Ray Instruments: Energetic ParticlesObservation RequirementsMeasurement parameters Extension of Low Energy TechniquesElectrostatic analyzerTime-of-flight14.01.2019 4Physics 954 Eberhard MöbiusLimitationsEnergy loss in matterCoulomb interactionPartial ionizationdE/dx versus E detectorsEnergetic Particle DetectorsSolid state detectorsProportional countersSzintillatorsThe Earth’s Magnetic Field as a SpectrometerV. Transport and Acceleration of Charged Particles Interplanetary Particle PopulationsSolar energetic particlesBow shock particlesInterplanetary accelerated particlesAnomalous component of cosmic raysTransport EquationsBasic processes and their derivationTransport and acceleration effectsShock AccelerationObservations at the Earth’s bow shockReflection and shock drift accelerationDiffusive accelerationWave-particle interactionShock simulationsInterplanetary shocksVI. Solar Energetic ParticlesObservation of Solar Energetic ParticlesSpectra and time profilesCompositionCharge stateParticle SourcesSunCoronal mass ejectionsSolar energetic particle event classification14.01.2019 5Physics 954 Eberhard MöbiusMagnetic ReconnectionSteady state reconnectionDiffusive and explosive processesParticle AccelerationElectric fieldsShock accelerationSelective processesVII. Other Energetic Particles SourcesGalactic Cosmic RaysObservationsSourcesAnomalous Cosmic RaysInterstellar gas particlesAcceleration at the termination shockTransport processes14.01.2019 6Physics 954 Eberhard MöbiusBibliographyMore general booksBrandt, J.C., Introduction to the Solar Wind, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970, Solar wind physics, includes some instrumentation, QB505.B72 RHundhausen, A., Coronal Expansion and Solar Wind, Classical Introduction to Solar Wind, Q RKallenrode, M.B., Space Physics, An Introduction to Plasmas and Particles in the Heliosphere and Magnetospheres, Springer-Verlag, Berlin New-York, 1998; Introductory text to heliospheric physics (selected course text) RKirk, J.G., D.B. Melrose, E.R. Priest, Plasma Astrophysics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994, MHD, Transport, Acceleration, QB462.7.K57 RKivelson, M.G., C.T. Russell, Introduction to Space Physics, Cambridge University Press, 1995, MHD, Solar Wind, Magnetosphere, Shocks, Acceleration RInstrumentationPfaff, R., J. Borowski, D. Young, eds., Measurement Techniques in Space Plasmas, AGU Monograph 102 and 103, 1998; First compilation of space plasma physics instrumentationRSolar WindSchwenn, R., E. Marsch, Physics of the Inner Heliosphere(Large Scale Phenomena), 1, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991, Solar Wind, IMF, QC801.P46.v.20 RSchwenn, R., E. Marsch, Physics of the Inner Heliosphere(Particles, Waves and