71 of Earth s surface is covered with ocean water 97 of Earth s water is in the oceans Planet Earth or Planet Water 1 Some Important Concepts in Chapter 1 The Hydrologic Water Cycle The water cycle hydrologic cycle Branches of the marine sciences oceanography The scientific method Formation of the universe Big Bang Formation of the solar system gravitational condensation in solar nebula Formation of Earth accretion density stratification Formation of the oceans atmosphere volcanic outgassing comets Life on Earth probably began in the oceans Other planets and moons water oceans Fig 1 1b p 2 2 Distribution of the Earth Earth s water by relative volume Global Water Supply 1 km3 1 cubic kilometer a cube that s 1 km x 1 km x 1 km 0 1 1 10 0 01 1 100 centi 0 001 milli 1 1 000 etc Global Water Supply Recharge rate vs Withdrawal rate Rate of pollution vs Rate of cleaning 3 Seattle Bellevue and Issaquah 15 000 years ago 4 Thurman Trujillo 10th ed Thurman Trujillo 10th ed 5 Simply put Always ask yourself How do I know what I know and How will I know if I m wrong Fig 1 4 p 5 6 Formation of the Solar System Nebular Hypothesis The Sun and planets formed by accretion smaller particles in the spinning nebular cloud clumping together to form larger objects Eagle Nebula 7 Most of the water is here We are here Fig 1 7 p 8 Earth Accretion and Iron Catastrophe Catastrophe solid Fig 1 11 p 11 8 The Early Atmosphere Very Different Than Today Today s Oceans Volcanic Outgassing Ice Rich Comets There was no oxygen it would be made later by photosynthesis and there were methane ammonia and high amounts of carbon dioxide Fig 1 14b p 13 The Origin of Life on Earth The earliest life forms probably arose in the oceans Lightning Hydrothermal vents Outer space The Origin of Life on Earth Scientists have conducted experiments in which organic molecules have been synthesized under conditions thought to be similar to the early Earth and its atmosphere The first fossil life forms are primitive bacteria found in rocks 3 5 billion years old Animals and plants would evolve much later Cyanobacteria 9 A Timeline of Earth Earth s History Humankind appears Fig 1 18 p 16 Some Important Concepts in Chapter 2 Marine science has been practiced for thousands of years The origins of marine science lie in voyaging New technology and research institutes teams help the science to advance and evolve Earth s shape and circumference were accurately measured by Eratosthenes 230 B C at the Library at Alexandria The H M S Challenger expedition was the first purely scientific voyage of oceanic exploration The tools of modern oceanography include satellites piloted and remotely controlled vehicles and computer modelling 10 Voyages of the Oceanian Peoples Polynesian Navigation Used knowledge of oceans and marine science used to colonize a vast number of islands Red arrows indicate the direction and order of settlement Thurman Trujillo 10th edition 30 000 yrs ago to 600 A D C E http www imachination net next100 brainstorm polynesia html Fig 2 5 p 28 More Early Voyaging Eratosthenes Voyaging on water was important to many early civilizations The Chinese Egyptians Greeks and Phoenicians e g were all skilled sailors Cartographers makers of charts and maps recorded information about locations landmarks and currents A representation of Eratosthenes s technique for calculating the circumference of Earth Library at Alexandria Egypt founded in the 3rd century B C E Housed information on every area of human endeavor Eratosthenes of Cyrene 2nd librarian at Alexandria accurately calculated the circumference of Earth He also invented a system of longitude and latitude Principles of celestial navigation were invented here See Fig 2 2 p 25 11 Eratosthenes A 3rd century B C E chart showing the system of latitude and longitude developed by Eratosthenes Fig 2 3 Box 2 1 p 26 The modern system of latitude and longitude Hipparchus Ptolemy etc The Vikings Scandinavian adventurers Used fast and stable ships to explore and pillage places as far away as Kiev Constantinople Iceland Greenland and Newfoundland Chinese Contributions 1400s Explored the Indian Ocean Indonesia Africa the Atlantic Ships laden with gifts to show China s wealth and civilization Through history Chinese invented The central rudder Water tight compartments Sails on multiple masts Compass marine compass Pytheas Greek reached Iceland in 325 B C E http www chinastyle cn essential ancienttechnology navigation htm 12 The Age of European Discovery The Age of European Discovery Europeans explored the world by sea during the Renaissance Henry the Navigator Explorers under his patronage compiled detailed charts and explored the west coast of Africa Christopher Columbus Although he never saw the mainland of North America his stories inspired other explorers to follow Ferdinand Magellan First voyage around the world Although Magellan died en route the small surviving portion of his crew circumnavigated the globe Why did Columbus think he was in the West Indies He used an inaccurate estimate for the circumference of Earth Fig 2 15 p 29 Captain James Cook late 1700s Cook Cook s 3 Pacific Voyages James Cook a commander in the British Royal Navy is credited with leading voyages that greatly contributed to scientific oceanography Some of the accomplishments of Cook and his scientists include Verifying calculations of planetary orbits Charting of New Zealand and the Great Barrier Reef Tonga and Easter Island Initiating friendly relations with many native populations Sampling marine life land plants and animals Recording data concerning the ocean floor and geological formations 13 Ben Franklin The Gulf Stream Voyaging for Science The British Challenger expedition of 1872 1876 was the first oceanic expedition dedicated to scientific research The United States Exploring Expedition launched in 1838 was a naval and scientific expedition The HMS Beagle on which Charles Darwin served as a naturalist voyaged to South America and some Pacific Islands 1831 1836 Sir John Ross Dredged bottom sample from 1 919 meters depth in 1818 near Greenland Sir James Clark Ross Depth sounding of 4 893 meters South Atlantic Matthew Maury Father of modern oceanography compiler of winds and currents http www erin utoronto ca w3env100y env ENV100 sci atm ocean full htm HMS Challenger Voyages for Science in the 20th Century Polar Exploration Explorers reached both the North and South poles The Meteor Expedition The first expedition to