Final Exam Study Guide Adolescent Psychology 2013Remember that the Final Exam has a cumulative aspect and includes about 20 questions from the Mid-term. So be sure to review the previous study guide. The topics below address the new material we’ve covered since the Mid-term:1. Be prepared for questions about autonomy, the different types of autonomy, and the development of autonomy in adolescence.- Autonomy requires closeness to family members while still developing individuality- Boys are accorded autonomy earlier than girls & early autonomy more prevalent in the dominant culture (whites vs. Asians/Latinos)- One of the first steps of developing autonomy: devaluation of parents (rely on them less for emotional validation)- Children develop through a variety of stages in psychosexual development:o Infantile: experience sexual stimulation through various body parts  concludes w/ Oedipal complexo Latency: psychosexual quieto Genital: at the onset of pubertyo Early theory: in order to be free from oedipal attachments, adolescents must detach from their parents to eliminate emotional dependence (creates irrational behavior) healthy adolescents do not detach from their parentsDifferent types of autonomy:- Emotional autonomy (individuating)o Development is a gradual process, unfolding over entire course of adolescence - Behavioral autonomy: capacity to take initiative without relying on parents for guidanceo Decision-making competencies depend on Social setting in which decisions are presented Type of decision/nature of the issue Expression of authority exercised by others Effects of family dynamics (parent-child relationship)- Value autonomy (moral reasoning)2. Review the development of moral reasoning.Piaget’s Stages of Moral development1. Heteronomous mortalitya. Rules are sacred and cannot be violated; focus on consequences of an action2. Autonomous morality (preadolescence)a. Children gain social world experience  disequilibrium  autonomous moralityb. Rules vary from one context to the other; person’s intentions are importantKohlberg’s Stages of Moral development:- Preconventional: moral thinking guided by self-interest1. Children are obedient  they want to avoid punishment2. Children are obedient  they want to earn praise/rewards- Conventional1. Adolescents focus on being good and doing what is expected of them2. Adolescents guided by the rule of law in fulfilling obligations (rare to see this type of reasoning used consistently)- Postconventional1. Adolescents perceive compliance with rules and laws as a social contract2. Behave according to higher ethical principles- Antisocial behavior  less mature moral reasoning  more aggressive- Mature moral reasoning = more socially competent- Abstract thought process leads to engagement in political activity3. Be familiar with all facets of peer relationships, including friendship, cliques, and crowds, and how they influence adolescents. Whatgender differences are there in male and female adolescent friendships and what is relational aggression? What are the affects of popularity and unpopularity on adolescents.- Two types of social relationships:o Vertical: with older individuals (involves submission)o Horizontal: peers of equal social power (reciprocal relationships)- Secure attachment to parents = more socially competent/healthier peer relationships- Childhood friendships are same-sex, this changes during adolescence- As children enter adolescence, friends shift from sharing activities to sharing thoughts/secrets/ambitions- Types of unpopular kids:o Neglected: don’t receive much attention, not necessarily dislikedo Rejected: disruptive and aggressive children, disliked by peers (can be shy as well) Fewer friendship options, less opportunity for social skill developmento Controversial: admired but not liked (often bullies)o Unpopular children: low self-esteem, lack of confidence, submissive, anxious, depressed, negative consequences for mental health and psychological development, develop problems leading to further rejection/victimization, can lead to lower educational detainment creating less of a salary for adulthoodo Popular children: benefits of being popular outweigh the costs; higher self-esteem but more exposed to drugs and alcohol - Different types of peer relationships:o Dyadic: primarily friendships (can be bully-victim pairs) Short-lived (especially early on)o Small groups of peers/cliques: no adult supervision, bands of kids who group together  can be prosocial engagementor antisocial gang behavior Adolescents remain in contact w/ kids who have similar valueso Crowds: groupings of adolescents who are not necessarily personally connected but project a similar image/reputation (sports team) Typically more stable  serves as a reference group Determined by reputation and stereotype, rather by friends/social interactions (basis for cliques) Enables adolescents to do social comparison (can improve or degrade self-esteem)  adolescents in high status crowds have higher self-esteem- Peer relationships are:o Vital to adaptive psychological functioning o Unstable/mutable  can change over the course of months- Boys associate in larger groups, more likely to be involved in organized sportso More aggressive/competitiveo How they talk to each other emphasizes power/control- Girls are more affiliative, engage in collaborative disclosureo Friendships in more intimate termso Aggression is more social/relational rather than physicalo Girls can be just as aggressive as boys, but in different ways- Relational aggression: acts intended to harm another through manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip (girls more than guys)4. What is youth culture and what are the essential elements of youth culture?- Image: dress, hairstyle, jewelry- Slang (argot): language- Demeanor: gestures, posture- Youth culture: adolescents constitute a sub culture with it’s own unique characteristics, elements within that change based on the era- Advances in youth culture parallels technological advanceso Pre-figurative: adolescents know more than adults (shifting towards this society)o Cofigurative: societies in which technological change is so rapid that elder generation skills are obsolete  adolescentslearn from other young people as they do from otherso Post-figurative: adolescents more