Purpose and BackgroundPurposeBackgroundVentilation volumesLab ProcedureOrganizationSpirometrySpirometer circuitLab stepsForced expiratory volumeComparison with theoretical valuesRespiration rates and depthBreath holdingPhysical models of ventilationAlveolar fillingLung modelRe-breathing and control of respirationRe-breathing room airRe-breathing oxygen-rich airData analysisAcknowledgmentsLab reportBioengineering/Physiology 6000 Lab ExerciseControl of RespirationRob MacLeod and Brian BirchlerApril 26, 2012Contents1 Purpose and Background 11.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2.1 Ventilation volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lab Procedure 32.1 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Spirometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.1 Spirometer circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.2 Lab steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.3 Forced expiratory volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2.4 Comparison with theoretical values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 Respiration rates and depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 Breath holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 Physical models of ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5.1 Alveolar filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5.2 Lung model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6 Re-breathing and control of respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.6.1 Re-breathing room air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6.2 Re-breathing oxygen-rich air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6.3 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Acknowledgments 114 Lab report 111 Purpose and Background1.1 PurposeThe goal of this lab is to illustrate some basic mechanisms of respiration and especially the controlof respiration. One of the main questions is to determine which stimuli influence respiration rate1and which among them is the most powerful—why do we breath!?1.2 BackgroundThe regular class notes and the text book provide the basic background we need for this lab. Weinclude here some points that are especially important in this lab.1.2.1 Ventilation volumesFigure 1: Ventilation volumes for humansFigure 1 contains a diagram showing the relationship of the following respiratory volumes:Tidal Volume (TV): the volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle.Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): the maximal amount of gas that can be inspired fromthe end inspiratory position.Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the maximal amount of gas that can be expired fromthe end expiratory position.Residual Volume (RV): the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expi-ration.2Total Lung Capacity (TLC): the amount of gas contained in the lungs at the end of a maximalinspiration, i.e., the total of all four volumes.Vital Capacity (VC): the maximal volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs by a force-ful effort following a maximal inspiration i.e., it is the sum of the Tidal Volume, InspiratoryReserve Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume.Inspiratory Capacity (IC): the maximal volume of gas that can be inspired from the restingexpiratory level. It is the sum of the Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume.Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the restingexpiratory level. The resting end-expiratory position is used here as a base line because itvaries less than the end-inspiratory position, it is thus the sum of Expiratory Reserve Volumeand Residual Volume.Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1): the percentage of the Forced Vital Ca-pacity which can be forcibly expired as rapidly as possible in one second after maximalinspiration.What purpose would it have to measure FEV1? Compare this to the role of otherventilation volumes we measure in this lab.2 Lab ProcedureFigure 2: Principle of spirometry2.1 OrganizationWe will have multiple stations around the lab and ask you to circulate through them all in smallgroups. We will need to form larger groups (6–8 people) for the re-breathing exercises but otherwise,pairs should be adequate for all the other exercises. There are 8 spirometer stations and one stationwith the physical model of the lung.3Each student should pick up a nose clip, mouth piece, and (if available) viral/bacterial filter.You can reuse your own equipment for each of the lap procedures. However, please don’t usesomeone else’s. Remember to use your nose clip for all applicable experiments (especially breathholding).The order of performing the exercises is irrelevant.2.2 SpirometryFigure 3: Examples of modern spirometers.The goal of the first part of this lab is to use a spirometer to determine the values in Figure 1for each students. …