EutrophicationEutrophicationJeff HesseJeff HesseEutrophicationEutrophicationDefinitionDefinition••The increase in organic matter leading to the over The increase in organic matter leading to the over enrichment of a systemenrichment of a systemOrganic Matter created by primary producersOrganic Matter created by primary producers••Phytoplankton or AlgaePhytoplankton or Algae••Feed on COFeed on CO22, Sunlight, and , Sunlight, and ••NutrientsNutrients, the limiting factor, the limiting factorMajor Eutrophication LocationsMajor Eutrophication LocationsGulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico••Second Largest Hypoxic Zone (no Oxygen) in Second Largest Hypoxic Zone (no Oxygen) in the Worldthe World••Low Oxygen Concentrations extend over 7,000 Low Oxygen Concentrations extend over 7,000 square milessquare miles••25% of the US 25% of the US Commercial Fishing Commercial Fishing IndustryIndustry65% of United States 65% of United States EstuariesEstuariesOther Major LocationsOther Major LocationsBlack SeaBlack SeaBaltic SeaBaltic SeaChesapeake BayChesapeake BayLong Island SoundLong Island SoundPrimary NutrientsPrimary NutrientsNitrogen and PhosphorusNitrogen and Phosphorus••Major Sources vary by LocationMajor Sources vary by LocationLong Island Sound Long Island Sound 60% of nitrogen load from wastewater of NYC60% of nitrogen load from wastewater of NYCChesapeake Bay Chesapeake Bay 25% of N and P loads from point sources25% of N and P loads from point sourcesMississippi River Mississippi River 10% of N and 40% P form point sources10% of N and 40% P form point sourcesNon Point SourcesNon Point SourcesErosion of soilErosion of soil••Major phosphorus Major phosphorus additionsadditionsAgricultural RunoffAgricultural Runoff••Manures and fertilizersManures and fertilizersAtmospheric DepositionAtmospheric Deposition••Fossil Fuel CombustionFossil Fuel CombustionAquatic InteractionAquatic InteractionPhytoplankton Nutrient ConsumptionPhytoplankton Nutrient ConsumptionPhytoplankton Community ChangePhytoplankton Community Change••DinofagellateDinofagellate••CyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaUnconsumed PhytoplanktonUnconsumed Phytoplankton••Fall to Bottom WatersFall to Bottom WatersAquatic InteractionsAquatic InteractionsMicrobes Breakdown Microbes Breakdown PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton••Use Oxygen during Use Oxygen during ProcessProcessAquatic InteractionsAquatic InteractionsAquatic InteractionsAquatic InteractionsMassive Algae BloomsMassive Algae Blooms••Block Light to Plants BelowBlock Light to Plants BelowHabitat for Smaller Species is DestroyedHabitat for Smaller Species is DestroyedAquatic InteractionsAquatic InteractionsMajor Physical ParameterMajor Physical ParameterDischarge RateDischarge Rate••Residence TimeResidence TimeOxygen ReplenishmentOxygen ReplenishmentBreak StratificationBreak StratificationInteractions ResultInteractions ResultOxygen Depletion by MicrobesOxygen Depletion by MicrobesBlooms Blocking LightBlooms Blocking Light••No Food or OxygenNo Food or OxygenMobile Organisms MoveMobile Organisms MoveStationary Organisms DieStationary Organisms DieHABHABHarmful Algae BloomsHarmful Algae Blooms••Unconsumed Blooms Unconsumed Blooms ••Toxic BloomsToxic Blooms••Can Cause Death toCan Cause Death toFishFishSea BirdsSea BirdsAquatic MammalsAquatic MammalsAlso Death or Illness to Also Death or Illness to HumansHumansEffects of EutrophicationEffects of EutrophicationReferencesReferencesBricker, S.B., C.G. 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