Early Cold WarID & SIG:AgendaCold WarPotsdam Conference July 17 to Aug 2, 1945Marriage of ConvenienceSlide 7American Soldiers Liberate ParisRussian Soldiers “Liberate” BerlinAmerican and Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River Apr 25, 1945World War II CasualtiesIron CurtainSlide 13George Kennan and ContainmentSlide 15Greek Civil WarTruman DoctrineJUSMAPGSuccessOccupied BerlinBerlin AirliftSlide 22Slide 23Slide 24NATO and Warsaw PactSlide 26The Hungarian ChallengeSlide 28Fidel CastroSlide 30Bay of PigsSlide 32Berlin WallSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Cuban Missile CrisisKennedy’s ResponseQuarantineSlide 43US Victory“Prague Spring”Slide 46Cold War SocietyNextEarly Cold WarLsn 28ID & SIG:•Bay of Pigs, Berlin Airlift, Berlin Wall, Cold War, containment, Cuban Missile Crisis, Greek Civil War, Hungarian Revolt, Kennan, NATO, Potsdam Conference, Prague Spring, Stalin, Warsaw PactAgenda•The Cold War•The Truman Doctrine and the Greek Civil War (1947)•The Berlin Airlift (1948)•NATO (1948) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)•The Hungarian Challenge (1956)•Bay of Pigs (1961)•Berlin Wall (1961)•Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)•The Prague Spring (1968)Cold War•A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war, especially that which existed between the United States and Soviet Union following World War IIPotsdam Conference July 17 to Aug 2, 1945Churchill, Truman, and Stalin at PotsdamBy the time of the Potsdam Conference, Stalin had already installed communist governments in the central European countries under his influenceMarriage of Convenience•“If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.”–Winston ChurchillAmerican Soldiers Liberate ParisRussian Soldiers “Liberate” Berlin•90,000 women reported being raped in Berlin•“Can’t you understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometers through blood and fire has fun with a women or takes a trifle?”–Stalin responding to complaints of Red Army atrocities in YugoslaviaAmerican and Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River Apr 25, 1945•But, with the common enemy gone, the marriage of convenience quickly dissolved. •Europe divides; Cold War beginsWorld War II Casualties Country Battle Deaths Wounded•Soviet Union 6,115,000 14,012,000•United States 291,557 670,846 •Great Britain 357,116 369,267 •Germany 3,250,000 7,250,000 •Japan 1,270,000 140,000 •France 201,568 400,000 •Italy 149,496 66,716 Source: Information Please Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1988)Iron CurtainPresident Truman at the podium with Winston Churchill in Fulton, Missouri where Churchill delivered his Iron Curtain speechIron Curtain•“From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe– Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia. From what I have seen of our Russian friends and allies during the war I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength and nothing for which they have less respect than military weakness.”–Winston Churchill March 5, 1946George Kennan and Containment•Kennan was a Soviet expert and director of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff•In the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs he wrote an article under the pen name “Mr. X” titled “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.”•He described the USSR as being driven by an aggressive and uncompromising ideology that would stop “only when it meets some unanswerable force.”George Kennan and Containment•Kennan wrote that the US must adopt a “policy of firm containment designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world.”Greek Civil War•During the German occupation of Greece during WWII, the Communists and other parts of the Greek Left formed a resistance army called the National People's Liberation Army (ELAS)•By 1944, ELAS controlled large areas of the country and continued to have success against the British liberation force after the warTruman Doctrine•On Feb 21, 1947, the British informed the US that they were pulling out of Greece.•On March 3, the Greek government requested US aid.•On March 12, President Truman announced the Truman Doctrine:–“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”Harry TrumanJUSMAPG•On 22 May, Truman signed a bill authorizing $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey.•By 1952, Greek forces would receive $500 million in US aid.•Even more important was LTG James Van Fleet and his 350-man Joint US Military Advisory and Planning Group.Grumman Avengers and Curtis Helldivers aboard the USS Leyte preparing for operations over Greece in 1948Success•Van Fleet set out to retrain and reorganize the Greek Army and cut off the flow of supplies reaching guerrillas from Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria•On Oct 16, 1949, Greece’s Communist leaders announced a cease-fire“As in Greece, the enemy strikes from sanctuary”Occupied BerlinBerlin Airlift•In June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and from West Berlin. •The Truman Administration initiated a daily airlift which brought much needed food and supplies into West Berlin. •The airlift lasted until the end of September 1949 -- although on May 12, 1949, the Soviet government had yielded and lifted the blockade.The maximum effort of the airlift was the “Easter Parade” on April 16, 1949 when 1,398 sorties (one landing in Berlin every minute) delivered 12,940 short tons. Berlin AirliftBerlin AirliftNATO and Warsaw Pact•In 1949 the US, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to provide collective security against Soviet aggression•Provided a military and political complement to the Marshall Plan•Greece and Turkey joined in 1952•NATO admitted West Germany in 1954 and allowed it to rearm•The Soviets respond by creating the Warsaw Pact in 1955NATO