Important concepts-Psych 238 review for midterm examChapter 1: The Examples of Definitions of Abnormal BehaviorWays of defining abnormal behavior:- personal distress- statistical deviance - social non-conformityGeneral DSM-IV criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria):- distress- impairment- risk of harmRole of culture in the diagnosis of disorders:- Etic Perspective; emphasis on universals among human being from a position outside the culture - Emic Perspective; examines behavior within a culture Epidemiology: the scientific study of the frequency of disorders within a populationIncidence: the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of timePrevalence: an epidemiological term that refers to the total number of cases that are present within a given population during a particular period of timeLifetime Prevalence: lifetime diagnoses Comorbidity: the simultaneous manifestation of more than one disorderChapter 2: Causes of Abnormal BehaviorParadigm: a set of assumptions both about the substance of a theory and about how scientists should collect data and test theoretical propositions. The term was applied to the progress of science by Thomas Kuhn, an influential historian and philosopher. 1. Biological Paradigm: looks for the biological abnormalities that causes abnormalities in behavior2. Psychodynamic Paradigm: divides the mind into three parts- Id: present at birth and houses biological drives like hunger, sex, aggression pleasure principle (immediate) - ego: operates on the reality principle conscious awareness - superego: conscience efforts to govern the id’s impulse with the ego mediating between thetwo3. Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm: views abnormal behavior as a product of learning - Classical conditioning: learning through association- Operant conditioning: asserts that behavior is a function of its consequences increase if its reward decreases is punished 4. Humanistic Paradigm: product of free will - Positive view of human nature Behavior genetics- Genotype: is an individual’s actual genetic structure - Phenotype: expression of a given genotype - Probands: index cases- Family studies: ask whether diseases are hereditary - Twin Studies: provides strong evidence about genetic and environmental contributions MZ twins- identical DZ twins- fraternal - Adoption studies: compared with biological versus adopted parents - Make sure you know the tables from lecture and how to interpret themDiathesis stress model: mental disorders develop only when a stress is added on top of predispositions1Gene X Environment interactions: Systems theory: an integrative approach to science that embraces multiple influences on behavior including the best elements of each of the four paradigmsBiopsychosocial model: biological, psychological, social Chapter 4: Classification of Abnormal BehaviorClassification System: used to subdivide a set of objects - Benefits: able to follow a procedure - Disadvantages: Many ways to subdivide Rosenhan study: put sane people in a mental institution Categorical approach to classification: assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative (DSM)Dimensional approach to classification: describes the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions (how much of a characteristic) Reliability: the consistency of measurements Validity: meaning of the importance of a measurement - Concurrent validity: present time and correlation between the disorder and other symptoms, circumstances, and test procedures- Etiological validity: factors that contribute to the onset of a disorder- Predictive validity: future stability of the problem over timeMultiaxial DSM-IV system:1. Axis I: clinical disordersa. Episodic periods of psychological turmoil2. Axis II: Personality disorders and Mental retardationa. Stable, longstanding problems3. Axis III: General Medical Conditionsa. Relevant to etiology4. Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental problems a. Factors that may affect treatment5. Axis V: Global assessment of functioninga. Only axis that is dimensional Chapter 5: Mood Disorders and Suicide (don’t forget to read the suicide section)Unipolar mood disorders: person experiences only episodes of depression - Major depressive disorder: (32 yrs) one major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks- Dysthymia: depressed mood for most of the day and on more days than not, at least two years- Double depression:Bipolar mood disorders: (18-22 yrs) person experiences episodes of mania and in some cases depression- Bipolar I disorder: at least one manic episode, and not required but could also have a major depressive episode - Bipolar II disorder: at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode- Cyclothymia: at least two years of hypomanic and depressed symptoms- Mania: must interfere with social or occupational functioning, lasting 1 week- Hypomania: must be noticeable to others, but not severe enough to impair, lasting 4 days- Rapid cycling BipolarPostpartum onset: denotes a major depressive episode beginning within 4 weeks after childbirth Epidemiology: mood disorders are less common among the elderlyGender differences: Women are more likely to have a mood disorder (2-3 times more likely)Age differences: those born after WWII are more likely to develop a mood disorder and have an earlier age of onsetCoyne study: Depression and relationships2 People are more likely to be more hostile after talking to a depressed person on the phoneCross-cultural comparisons of Depression: communication between different culturesThe reformulated learned helplessness theory: Depressogenic Attributional Styles Passive behavior in the face of negative situationsCaspi study: stress-gene interactions: The effect of life events on depression symptoms at age 26 was significantly stronger among those with the genetic vulnerability Stressful life events predicted major depressive disorder as well as suicidal ideation/attempts only among those with the genetic vulnerabilityConcordance rates (heritability) of bipolar and unipolar mood disordersTreatment of Mood Disorders- Cognitive therapy- Interpersonal therapy- Findings from the “Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program” (TDCRP) Study- Antidepressants: SSRIs- inhibit the uptake of serotonin into presynaptic nerve ending, promote pathwaysSuicide: Egostic (detached from society) / Anomic (following breakdown of