BIOL 1442 Study Guide for EXAM I Know at least this material for the exam. These are some areas I would suggest concentrating on. Don’t forget that all the chapters are required material and that anything from the lecture or the text book is fair game for the exam. • Main plant organs and their functions (713-716) • Main plant tissues and their functions (717) • Two main types of vascular tissues and how they differ (717) • Main types of plant cells (718-719) • Anatomy of roots and shoots (720-721) • Anatomy of leaves (725) • Anatomy of a woody plant stem (726) • Structure and function of xylem cells (719) • Structure and function of phloem cells (how do these differ from xylem?) (719) • Proton pumps (739-740) o How do they work? o What do they transport and in what ways? o What kinds of gradients do they generate? • Water potential including solute and pressure potentials (741) o Which way would water flow under different conditions? • How does water get from the soil to the vascular tissue in the roots? (743-745) o There is more than one way—no all of them. • How does water get from the roots to the tops of plants? (746-747) • How does a leaf function with respect to transpiration? (747) • How does xylem and phloem sap flow? (748-753) o What are the differences? • What are the major macronutrients for plants? (758) • What are the major micronutrients for plants? (758) • What is the difference between a macronutrient and a micronutrient? (757) • Where do plants generally get the most important macronutrients? (758) • How do different species of bacteria convert various forms of nitrogen into usable forms? What are these bacteria called? (763) • What are mycorrhizae and why are they important? (766) • Structure and function of flowers (772) o Male parts – how do these work? o Female parts – how do these work? • How do flowers lead to new plants through reproduction? What steps are involved? (774) • Structure and function of plant embryos (776-778) o Differences between eudicots and monocots • In what general ways do plants respond to stimuli? (788) • What are the three main steps in stimulus to response? (789) • What are the various ways that plants respond to environmental cues such aso Light (792-793, 802-804) o Touch (809-810) o Gravity (809) • What are the main plant hormones and what do they do? (794-) • What is the difference between short-day and long-day plants? (806-807) o What is the cue that prompts germination? • To what kinds of light do plants respond? (802-803) • What is a circadian rhythm and how does one work? (805-806) • How do plants respond to environmental stresses?