SIU CE 210 - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

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CE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers 8/30/2010Lecture 2: Composition of Living ThingsInstructor: L.R. Chevalier p. 1CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERSLecture 2: Composition of Living MatterInstructor: L.R. ChevalierDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringSouthern Illinois University CarbondaleEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsObjectives Investigate the composition of living matter Describe the importance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid Explain how DNA and RNA handle biological information Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOrganic CompoundsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOrganic CompoundsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidThese form the majority of the cell ___________.They are important for structural material, energy metabolism and other metabolic functions Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOrganic CompoundsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidNucleic acid is responsible for ______________Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsCarbon - The essential element 6p6nCarbon (Atomic Number 6)Organic molecules contain carbon backbones. Every carbon atom will form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, specifically other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms. By linking together of many smaller molecules, carbon is able to form very large polymers (macromolecules) many of which are important to human physiology.CE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers 8/30/2010Lecture 2: Composition of Living ThingsInstructor: L.R. Chevalier p. 2Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsCarbohydrates These carbon-based molecules are the major source of energy for the body Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a set proportion◦ ______________________ Carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the polar hydroxyl (OH-) groups Ingested as sugars and starchesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsThree types of carbohydrates _____saccharides are the simplest sugars◦ Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most abundant (found in fruit)◦ Also fructose, galactose, ribose _____saccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together. ◦ Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose (table sugar)◦ Maltose is composed of glucose and glucose chains (found in beer and malt liquor)◦ Lactose, milk sugar, is composed of glucose and galactose _____saccharides are formed when many monosaccharideslink together into long chains◦ Generally not sweet◦ Glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells are both composed of thousands of glucose molecules linked together.Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsCarbohydrateEnergy from the bonding of C, H, and OBody uses the carbohydrate to generate glucose Glucose is broken down to produce adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the fundamental unity of energyGlucose can come from amino acids of protein if carbohydrate supply is lowEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsProteins  Composed of C, O, H and N Uses◦ Source of energy◦ Substrate for tissue growth and maintenance◦ Biological functions◦ Major component of bone and muscle Formation of Proteins◦ Combination of 20 common amino acids◦ 10 are essential for humans to obtain from food, since we cannot produce them 8 through life 2 essential during periods of rapid growth (infancy)◦ Plants can produce all 20 amino acidsCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsAmino Acidshttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsLipids Lipids are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms linked together by neutral covalent bonds. Lipids have two distinct regions◦ Long non-polar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chain◦ Hydrophilic carboxylic acid group Types of lipids◦ Fat◦ Steroids◦ Wax The most important function of lipids is _________________ This membrane facilitates the transport of molecules in and out of the cell Also known in layman’s term as fat◦ Valuable food source◦ Each molecule of fatty acid can be converted into twice the number of ATP molecules as glucoseCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidCE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers 8/30/2010Lecture 2: Composition of Living ThingsInstructor: L.R. Chevalier p. 3Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOn-line reference for Lipidshttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOn-line reference for Carbohydrates http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOn-line reference for Proteinshttp://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsOn-line Interactive: Construction of the Cell Membrane Be prepared to answer questions in-class. This on-line resource shows how some proteins are used in the construction of the cell membrane.http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsNucleic Acid The molecules that carry genetic information◦ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)◦ RNA (ribonucleic acid) Travel to the tiny world of DNA beginning with the body and ending with the atoms that make up a single DNA base◦ NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick GroleauCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acidhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.htmlEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsBiological Information Handlinghttp://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php2005 Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware by the National Engineering Education Delivery System (NEEDS).CE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers 8/30/2010Lecture 2: Composition of Living ThingsInstructor: L.R. Chevalier p. 4Environmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsAdditional Resource on Replication of DNAEnvironmental Biology for EngineersComposition of Living ThingsCodon Wheel TableInner circle signifies first


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SIU CE 210 - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS

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