Operating Systems COT 4600 – Fall 2009Slide 2Composibility via static disciplineMoore’s lawTransistors/die doubles every ~18 monthsLithography: the driver behind transistor countCPU performanceDRAM densityDisk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per yearENIACUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)IBM System/360-40Cray 1: supercomputerDEC PDP-8 (1964)Apple IIIBM’s wrist watchSoftware follows hardwareCheap  PervasivePervasive  qualitative changeLatency improves slowlyHeat is a problemRecent Intel CPU Clock RatesThe Future: will it be painful?What went right?Operating Systems COT 4600 – Fall 2009Dan C. MarinescuOffice: HEC 439 BOffice hours: Tu, Th 3:00-4:00 PMSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisLast time:Systems and ComplexitySources of ComplexityTodayKnowledge and ethics. Modularity, Abstractions, Layering, Hierarchy (slides from Lecture 1)Computer Systems (slides by Kaashoek & Morris)Next time:Computer Systems versus Other SystemsCoping with Computer System ComplexitySlides by Kaashoek & MorrisComposibility via static disciplineBe tolerant of inputs and strict on outputsSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisMoore’s law“Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits”, Electronics, April 1965cost per transistortransistors per dieSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisTransistors/die doubles every ~18 monthsSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisLithography: the driver behind transistor count• Components/area O(x2) with feature size• Total components O(a) with die area• Switching rate O(x) with feature sizeSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisCPU performanceSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisDRAM densitySlides by Kaashoek & MorrisDisk: Price per GByte drops at ~30-35% per yearSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisENIAC•1946•Only one built•5000 adds/sec•20 10-digit registers•18,000 vacuum tubes•124,500 watts•Not really stored programSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)195146 sold2000 ops/sec1,000 12-digit words (mercury)5000 tubes$1.5 millionSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisIBM System/360-4019641.6 MHz16-256 KB core$225,000Family of six32-bitTime-sharingSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisCray 1: supercomputer197680 sold80 MHz8 Mbyte SRAM230,000 gates$5 millionSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisDEC PDP-8 (1964)60,000 sold330,000 adds/sec•4096 12-bit words•$18,000Slides by Kaashoek & MorrisApple II19771 MHz6502 microprocessor4 to 48 Kilobytes RAM$1300Basic, VisicalcSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisIBM’s wrist watch2001Linux and X1174 Mhz CPU8 Megabyte flash8 Megabyte DRAMWirelessSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisSoftware follows hardware0102030405060Millions of lines of source codeSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisCheap  PervasiveSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisPervasive  qualitative changeyearlog (people per computer)Slide from David Culler, UC BerkeleyNumber crunchingEmbeddedSense/controlWord processingCommunicationSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisLatency improves slowlyYear #Improvement wrt year #1Moore’s law (~70% per year)DRAM access latency (~7% per year)Speed of light(0% per year)Slides by Kaashoek & MorrisHeat is a problemSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisRecent Intel CPU Clock Rates486PentiumPentiumProPentium IIIPentium 4Pentium 4 HTmHzSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisThe Future: will it be painful?AMD Barcelona Quad-core chipSlides by Kaashoek & MorrisWhat went right?Unbounded composibilityGeneral-purpose computersOnly need to make one thing fastSeparate architecture from implementationS/W can exploit new H/WCumulative R&D investment over