GY461 Applied GIS: EnvironmentalGIS Programming ProjectPage -1-I. IntroductionProgramming principles give the GIS analyst powerful tools to automate repetitive tasks. Oneexample would be initialize a raster grid that is based on a mathematical equation. The examplethat we will use in this example will be a 3rd-order trend surface. The equation would have asindependent variables a location in x,y coordinates with solution of the equation yielding a zelevation value that represents a best-fit trend surface through the actual x,y,z data. In thisexample the surface being modeled is the top of an Ordovician petroleum producing formationbased on drilling data. The analysis that we are particularly interested in will be to subtract thetrend surface from the z elevation of the data points to plot “residuals” - i.e. the wells that havethe top of the Ordovician above the main trend. These would indicate “dome” structures thatserve as petroleum traps (the overlying Silurian formation is an impermeable shale). The reasonthat we can’t simply look at the absolute elevation of the top of the Ordovician is that it dipsalong a regional trend. The trend surface in effect removes the regional dip so that we only haveto deal with residuals above and below the regional trend. After determining the extend of thepositive residuals you will be given some statistics on oil production from this unit so that youcan estimate production from the field.II. Step 1: Generate a Visual Basic Program in Excel to build the 3rd OrderTrend SurfaceDownload the starting files from:After extracting the files into a “TopOfOrdovician” folder under “C:\ArcGIS_Data\{YourInitials}\”, load the “TopOfOrdovician.xls” spreadsheet. In the sheet named “TopOfOrdo” youwill find the raw data in x,y,z columns. Also in this sheet are the coefficients of a 3rd order trendsurface polynomial in the form:z(x,y) = c0 + x * c1 + y * c2 + x ^ 2 * c3 + x * y * c4 + y ^ 2 * c5 + x ^ 3 * c6 + x ^ 2 * y * c7 + x * y ^ 2 * c8 + y ^ 3 * c9 where x,y are the location coordinates, c1 through c9 are the coefficients given in thespreadsheet, and z(x,y) is the trend surface elevation as a function of x,y location coordinates. Your instructor will go over programming principles related to building a Visual Basic programto calculate an ESRI ASCII raster file in the format:ncols {number of columns}nrows {number of rows}xllcorner {x coordinate of the lower left corner of the grid}GY461 Applied GIS: EnvironmentalGIS Programming ProjectPage -2-yllcorner {y coordinate of the lower left corner of the grid}cellsize {spacing of grid nodes}nodatavalue {value that represents missing data}cell node (1,1) {z value at col=1, row=1}cell node (2,1) {z value at col=2, row=1}...cell node (ncols,nrows) {zvalue at col=ncols, row=nrows}Use the ctrl+{key} assignment used when the macro was created to run the program. The 2ndsheet named “ASCII_Grid” will contain the ESRI grid calculated by your program. Check the Zvalues to make sure they are reasonable. Save this file as an ASCII .TXT file to your folder. III. Setup the ArcMap Project FileStart a new ArcMap project file and do the following:1. Save the x,y,z data in the “TopOfOrdo” sheet to a DBF file. Use the “XY Data” plotting toolto add the well data to the project. Label each point with the Z elevation value of the top of theOrdovician.2. Use the “ASCII to Raster” tool to add the calculated 3rd Order trend surface to the project. Youshould have a project similar in appearance to Figure 1. 3. Use the spatial analyst interpolate to raster “kriging” option to generate a best-fit surface rasterthrough the raw data points. The setup will appear like Figure 2. The result should appear as inFigure 3.4. Use the raster math “minus” option to subtract the trend surface grid from the kriging grid toproduce a residuals grid. Pay attention to which grid is being subtracted - you should besubtracting the trend surface from the kriging grid to produce the residuals (see Figure 4). Theresult will appear similar to Figure 5.5. Use the “re-classify” tool to re-classify the residuals into these classes:Class Value range1 <=-6002 -600 - -4003 -400 - -200GY461 Applied GIS: EnvironmentalGIS Programming ProjectPage -3-4 -200 - 05 0 - 2006 200 - 4007 400 - 6008 600 - 8009 800 - 100010 1000 - 1200See Figure 6 for the reclassify tool window settings. Use the “Classify” button to manuallydefine the class intervals as in Figure 7.6. Use the conversion tool “Raster to Polygon” to convert the classified residuals into vectorpolygons. See the window setup for this tool in Figure 8. Use a symbology for the classpolygons similar to Figure 9, then generate a map with the following:a. North Arrowb. Legend that includes the wells and class polygons. In the legend list the residual valuerange for each class (i.e. class 1 : <= -600; class 2 : -600 - -400, etc.)c. Scale bar in miles. Note that the map units for x and y are inches measured from a1:24,000 scale base map.d. Title “Top of Ordovician Oil Production Project”e. Place your name in the lower right corner in the layout7. Create a geodatabase and add the class polygon shape topology to the geodatabase as apolygon feature. You are doing this so that you can access the area of each polygon. Answer thefollowing questionsa. Create a new field in the polygon feature class named “acreage”. Using a calculationquery fill this in with the acres represented by each polygon. Remember that the X,Ycoordinates for the projects are simply inch units measured from a 1:24,000 scaletopographic map. Note the following:1 inch = 2000 feet = 0.3788 miles (1:24,000 scale)1 square mile = 640 acresSum the acreage of each polygon to calculate the total acreage of residual polygons thatwere positive (i.e. class 5 through 10). You will need to define a “definition query” forthe feature to filter in just those polygons.Total acreage of positive polygons = ___________________GY461 Applied GIS: EnvironmentalGIS Programming ProjectPage -4-b. Calculate the potential oil production of the field with the given:1. Historically the Ordovician formation has produced 600 barrels of oil per acreof land per day. Currently the market price for crude oil is $85 per barrel. How much money will the field make in a year assuming the abovevalues? _________________________________Historically fields developed in this Ordovician formation have producedat a constant