Course Introduction: The Brain, chemistry, neural signalingPowerPoint PresentationInstructor AccessThe Neural Theory of Language and ThoughtSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Brains ~ ComputersHow does it all work?Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Single Cell (Protozoan) BehaviorsSlide 14Slide 15Earliest Nervous SystemsNeural ProcessingSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Neural Communication: 1 Communication within the cellTransmission of informationThe MembraneSlide 31The Resting PotentialIons and the Resting PotentialSlide 34Maintaining the Resting PotentialSlide 36Integration of informationNeuronal firing: the action potentialBefore DepolarizationAction potentials: Rapid depolarizationSlide 42Action potentials: RepolarizationRepolarizationThe Action PotentialSlide 47Conduction of the action potential.Action PotentialMyelinationSaltatory ConductionSlide 52Synaptic transmissionStructure of the synapseSlide 56Slide 57Slide 58Ionotropic receptors (ligand gated)Ionotropic ReceptorsSlide 61Metabotropic Receptors (G-Protein)Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)Postsynaptic Ion motionRequirements at the synapseThree Nobel Prize Winners on Synaptic TransmissionSlide 70Course Introduction: The Brain, chemistry, neural signalingJerome FeldmanCS182/Ling109/CogSci110Spring [email protected] hear and I forgetI see and I rememberI do and I understand attributed to Confucius 551-479 B.C. There is no erasing in the brainInstructor AccessInstructor : Jerry FeldmanOffice Hours : Monday, Thursday 1 – 2Soda 739Email : [email protected]TA: Leon BarrettOffice Hours :TBA, Soda 739Email : [email protected] Neural Theory of Language and ThoughtThis is a course on the current status of interdisciplinary studies that seek to answer the following questions: How is it possible for the human brain, which is a highly structured network of neurons, to think and to learn, use, and understand language? How are language and thought related to perception, motor control, and our other neural systems, including social cognition? How do the computational properties of neural systems and the specific neural structures of the human brain shape the nature of thought and language? What are the applications of neural computing?Tinbergen’s Four QuestionsHow does it work?How does it improve fitness?How does it develop and adapt?How did it evolve?Brains ~ Computers1000 operations/sec100,000,000,000 units10,000 connections/graded, stochasticembodiedfault tolerantevolves learns1,000,000,000 ops/sec1-100 processors~ 4 connectionsbinary, deterministicabstractcrashesdesigned programmedHow does it all work?Artist’s rendition of the Actin molecule structureSingle Cell (Protozoan) BehaviorsNo Nervous SystemForaging Behavior (swim toward food)Positive chemotaxisDefensive/Avodiance BehaviorNegative chemotaxisReproductionAsexual and Sexual reproduction using chemical messenger proteins (pheromones)Artist’s rendition of a typical cell membraneEarliest Nervous SystemsHydra, jellyfish, corals, sea anemonesBasic neural cell (Neuron)Early differentiation into 3 types of neuronsSTIMULUSSensoryNeuronInter-NeuronMotorNeuronEffectorNeural ProcessingNeurons•cell body – metabolism, protein synthesis•dendrites (input structure)receive inputs from other neuronsperform spatio-temporal integration of inputsrelay information to the cell body•axon (output structure)a branching fiber that carries the message (spikes) from the cell to other neuronspostsynapticneuronscience-education.nih.govSynapse•site of communication between two cells•formed when an axon of a presynaptic cell “connects” with the dendrites of a postsynaptic cellSynapseaxon of presynapticneurondendrite ofpostsynapticneuronbipolar.about.com/librarySynapse•a synapse can be excitatory or inhibitory•arrival of activity at an excitatory synapse depolarizes the local membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell and makes the cell more prone to firing – usually connects on dendrite• arrival of activity at an inhibitory synapse hyperpolarizes the local membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell and makes it less prone to firing – usually connects on cell body•the greater the synaptic strength, the greater the depolarization or hyperpolarizationUNIPOLAR BIPOLARMULTIPOLAR CELLSBroca’sareaParsopercularisMotor cortex Somatosensory cortexSensory associativecortexPrimaryAuditory cortexWernicke’sareaVisual associativecortexVisualcortexPET scan of blood flow for 4 word tasksSomatotopy of Action ObservationSomatotopy of Action ObservationFoot ActionFoot ActionHand ActionHand ActionMouth ActionMouth ActionBuccino et al. Eur J Neurosci 2001Neural Communication: 1 Communication within the cellTransmission of informationInformation must be transmittedwithin each neuronand between neuronsThe MembraneThe membrane surrounds the neuron.It is composed of lipid and protein.Artist’s rendition of a typical cell membraneThe Resting PotentialThere is an electrical charge across the membrane.This is the membrane potential.The resting potential (when the cell is not firing) is a 70mV difference between the inside and the outside. insideoutsideResting potential of neuron = -70mV+-+-+-+-+-Ions and the Resting PotentialIons are electrically-charged molecules e.g. sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-).The resting potential exists because ions are concentrated on different sides of the membrane.Na+ and Cl- outside the cell.K+ and organic anions inside the cell. insideoutsideNa+Cl-Na+K+Cl-K+Organic anions (-)Na+Na+Organic anions (-)Organic anions (-)Ions and the Resting PotentialIons are electrically-charged molecules e.g. sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-).The resting potential exists because ions are concentrated on different sides of the membrane.Na+ and Cl- outside the cell.K+ and organic anions inside the cell. insideoutsideNa+Cl-Na+K+Cl-K+Organic anions (-)Na+Na+Organic anions (-)Organic anions (-)Maintaining the Resting PotentialNa+ ions are actively transported (this uses energy) to maintain the resting potential.The sodium-potassium pump (a membrane protein) exchanges three Na+ ions for two K+ ions.insideoutsideNa+Na+K+K+Na+Integration of informationPSPs are small. 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