Surveillance and Data Exposure March 6 2007 Traditional means of surveillance Communication Location Habits Identification 1 Surveillance of Communications Digital technology was initially harder to monitor Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act 1994 required wiretap capacity Digital information lends itself to storing more easily Pen Register Act 1986 Lowest investigative standard No privacy expectations in phone number dialed Surveillance of Communications NSA data collection Metadata Social Network Mapping Call records for sale CALEA expansions ISP obligations Retention vs Preservation 2 Location Awareness Cell phone triangulation Global Positioning Systems Device and network based Accuracy 2 10 meters Accuracy 10 meters Benefits Closed Circuit Television CCTV Increasingly popular Seen as a deterrent and enforcement mechanism 500 000 in London alone Effective in prosecution but limited evidence of deterrence 2 million tickets issued from UK speed cameras 3 Intelligent cameras Guide human intelligence Monitor public spaces for abnormal behavior Abandoned packages Restricted areas Pickpockets Backtracking recall after a triggering event Pair cameras with microphones other sensors Gunfire detection Alarm systems Face Recognition Subject to real constraints Works very well in controlled circumstances Identification vs Authentication 4 Voice quality information Measurement of non linguistic vocal features Pentland et al Frequency emphasis turn taking Strong predictor of outcomes in several social settings Negotiations experiment Speed dating Social network dynamics Voluntary data exposure Subway flasher AOL search history DNA databases Driving monitors While it is voluntary for you to furnish this information we may not be able to pay benefits to your spouse unless you give us the information 5 Online social communities Information is now explicitly tied to an individual Monitored by local national law enforcement CMU Facebook study Acquisti Gross High rate of personal data Lack of understanding of visibility Was Orwell right Is complete surveillance easy 6 Was Orwell right Is complete surveillance easy Yes Try to avoid cameras checklists networked communication No US Mexico Border protection Goal detect any human crossing of a 2000 mile line Estimated cost 80 million 2 Billion Fences cameras ground sensors Theory of Data Exposure Panopticism Automation Overt vs Covert Choice Redefining Roles 7 Theory of Data Exposure Panopticism Automation Overt vs Covert Choice Redefining Roles Theory of Data Exposure Panopticism Automation Overt vs Covert Choice Redefining Roles 8 Privacy Threats and Countermeasures Communication Records Location Awareness Cameras Web communities 9