Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to Cultural GeographyOutline of Current Lecture I. Defining CultureII. Understanding cultural formsIII. Small summaries of readingsCurent LectureI. Define culture.- Culture is a totality of behavior patterns, ways of living and thinking, everyday practices, arts, beliefs, morals, institutions, and all other products of work and thought that shape and come out of everyday life. Thinking about culture helps:1. Challenge individualistic understandings of the world. - Emilie Durkheim, French sociologist (1858-1917):o Social currents=sense of belongingo All people are social beings. The social world shapes our lives, how we talk, think, move, and relate to others and the world. - Cultural difference: the different social ways of being among different groups and places.2. Challenge biology and environmental determinism - Ex. The British Empire-It was said that it spanned all time zones in 1937, meaning that it would last forever. - It was the responsibility of white people to socialize others. - Nature vs. Nurtureo Nature: - Biological determinism: human biology, especially race, determines behavior.- Environmental determinism: physical environment, especially climate, determines behavior.- Franz Boas (1858-1942): Challenged biological determinism and is the father of Cultural Anthropology in the U.S. o He believed the head size of different groups would change and even the head sizes of siblings living in other places were different.o Biology is plastic.o Deracinated culture.o Endorsed cultural relativism.- Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975): Challenged environmental determinism and began the geography department at UC Berkeley. GEOG 3 1st Editiono Morphology of landscape: Why do different portions of earth look different?o The hands of man transform the natural landscape o Culture=agent, natural area=medium, cultural landscape=resulto Culture is super organic.- Q1: How and why do different ways of thinking take shape in different places?o A: (1) Massey: “contact” or “encounters” view of culture All cultural practices and cultural ideas are products of histories of interactions. People are unequally positioned in these interactions. Products of long histories of contact, all cultures are “hybrid”  Ex. High tea is not all that British.- Q2: What is the geographical constitution of culture? o A: Open-local youth culture of Yucatan Maya is a production of cultureo Cultural distinctiveness is created by specific intersection and interaction of different beliefs, practices, and forces at a specific place and time. o (2) Massey: Histories of culture making through global interconnection are histories of unequal relations of power. Ex. Coca-Cola, adso (3) Massey: Our lives are also shaped by efforts people make to territorialize space, to create boundaries, and to only let some people in. o Massey and her two interrelated forms.We have to understand all cultural forms as:- Hybrid- Produced though processes of interaction- Contingent (historically specific and constantly changing)- Involving connections among multiple scales (local, national, global)- Shaped by relations of power-Q3: How do our bodies become modal points between who and where we are?o A: “Senses of place” around the world. Article summaries:(1) Kevin Hetherington’s piece: about a blind woman, Sarah. a. Haptic-relating to sense of touchb. We can be unequally positioned within different spaces on the basis of our bodily capabilities(2) Steven Feld’s piece-hunting for survivala. Acoustemology: sonic way of knowing place, a way of attending to hear, a way of absorbing.b. Intersensual(3) Lisa Law’s piece-Filipina migrant laborers in Hong Konga. Embodied experiences based on citizenship, race, genderb. Little Manila-comfort zonec. Create own sensory landscape: evocations of place through senses such as smell, taste, and