Endotracheal Tube AdaptorGroup Members: Evan Joyce, Tim Barry, Ozair Chaudhry, Ryan ChildsClient: Mark Schroeder, MDAdvisor: Paul Thompson, PhDDecember 10th, 2009Endotracheal Tube Adaptor – University of Wisconsin-MadisonTable of Contents:Abstract …………………...........................…………………………………………………….. 3Background …………………………………..........................………………………................ 4oIntroduction …………………………...........................…………………..........…..……. 4oProblem Definition ………………………...........................……………..........……….... 5oExisting Technology ………………………...........................………..….........……......... 6Client Requirements …………………………...........................………………………………. 7Preliminary Design Ideas ………………………...........................……………………………. 8oDesign Alternative 1: Micro-Filter ……...........................………………………………. 8oDesign Alternative 2: Spherical Collider ……..........................………………………… 9oDesign Alternative 3: Contour Taper ………….........................……………………….. 11Final Design ……………………………………….......................….……………………….... 12Testing ……………………………………………........................……………………............. 15oLaser Diffraction ………………………........................……………………………...... 15oUV Spectroscopy ……………………….......................………………………………... 17Ethical Concerns …………………………….......................…………………………………. 19oSafety Concerns ……………………….......................………………………………… 19oHonest Data ……………………….......................…………………………………….. 19Conclusion ……………………………….......................……………………………………... 21oWhy Prototype Didn’t Work ………….......................………...………………………... 21References …………………………………........................…………………………………... 22Appendix …………………........................…………………………………………………..... 23oTesting Data ………………………….......................………………………………….. 23oProtocols …………………………….......................…………………………..………. 24oProduct Design Specifications ……........................…………………………………..... 28Endotracheal Tube Adaptor – University of Wisconsin-Madison Page 2Abstract If an anesthetized patient becomes asthmatic during surgery, albuterol must be administered into the ventilation circuit through an endotracheal tube adaptor to alleviate symptoms. This semester we expanded upon our work from the previous semester by making several design changes to the nozzle and body of our original prototype to help address problems with the spray pattern, ease of commercialization (injection molding), and universality of the adaptor. Laser diffraction and UV Spectroscopy experiments were performed to give a quantitative comparison between the old and new prototypes and other existing technologies. These tests showed that our original prototype generated a higher percentage of desirable small particles in the size range of 5-10 µm, and that it also deposited a higher percentage of albuterol in comparison to the new prototype and other devices. In conclusion, the functional changes we made were detrimental to our prototype’s performance while the structural changes provided a viable commercial product.Endotracheal Tube Adaptor – University of Wisconsin-Madison Page 3BackgroundIntroduction Asthma affects more than 20 million people in the US alone and over 300 million worldwide. It is a frightening and occasionally life-threatening condition in which the bronchi constrict due to an external stimuli, reducing the volume of air an individual is able to inhale with each breath (see Fig. 1 below). Fortunately, asthma symptoms may be controlled in one of two ways: a fast-acting β2-agonist for acute attacks or steroidal medications for chronic relaxation of the bronchioles (Proventil, 2009). Of the many different stimuli which can trigger an attack, the most common are allergies, certain medications, and increased levels of psychological stress. During surgery, each and every one of these risk factors is increased significantly, leading to a dramatically increased probability of an acute asthma attack in an anesthetized patient. If an acute asthma attack occurs during surgery while a patient is intubated with an endotracheal tube, the consequences may be dire since it is nearly impossible to deliver fast-acting bronchodilators to the lungs while an endotracheal tube is in place. Albuterol sulfate (or Salbutamol sulfate) is the active ingredient found in most aerosolized asthma medication. It is a selective beta2-adrenergic agonist which causes smooth muscle relaxation in the bronchi, ultimately resulting in bronchodilation and an increased volume of oxygen delivered to the lungs. The empirical formula of albuterol sulfate is (C13H21NO3)2•H2SO4, and its chemical structure can be seen below in Figure 2 (Proventil, 2009). Under normal circumstances, a dose of albuterol from a hand-held Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) Endotracheal Tube Adaptor – University of Wisconsin-Madison Page 4Fig. 1. Depiction of the air passageway during an asthma attack. This constriction makes breathing extremely difficult. Fortunately, fast-acting bronchodilators are able to alleviate these symptoms. [1]is able to relieve bronchospasms caused b y a n a s t h m a a t t a c k a l m o s t instantaneously. An MDI works by delivering a concentrated dose of albuterol (~90µg) from a
View Full Document
Unlocking...