© Tori M Saneda 2005-2008 Modernization What is modernization? What does it mean to be “modern”? - concept has changed over time o 5th century = Roman converts to Christianity used term to differentiate selves from “barbarians” = heathen peoples of antiquity & Jews o Renaissance (beginning of 15th century thru 16th century) = learning/cultivated lifestyle w/links to classical Greece and Rome civilizations o Enlightenment (18th century) = science, rationalism and pursuit of “progress” o TODAY: synonymous w/Western world  Time  Scientific knowledge  Legal-rational institutions So, modernization = process of cultural and socio-economic change whereby less developed countries (LDC) acquire characteristics of western, industrialized societies Who uses this definition? - European derived cultures - What does “modernization” imply? o Other societies must be changed to be more like “us”  Other types of societies inherently inferior = legacy of colonialism Legacy of Colonialism - LINGERING BELIEF THAT NATIVE PEOPLE ARE BACKWARD  superstitious/heathen  non-existent or inadequate military/industrial apparatus  no right of property (didn’t work land) - REORGANIZATION OF COLONIAL LABOR  by end of 19th century – colonial administrations self-financing systems - local rulers bribed w/titles, land and/or tax breaks  they helped force colonial subjects into cash-cropping enterprises to pay taxes that in turn financed colonial administration  non-Europeans forced into primary commodity production (raw materials) - undermined traditional crafts and mixed farming systems o export monoculture (e.g., Australia – wool; Egypt – cotton; S.Africa – gold & diamonds; India – rubber & rice) o best example = Britain & India  19th century Indian muslins/calicos = luxury imports to Europe  East India Co. convinced Brit govt to apply 70-80% tariff on finished Indian goods while allowing virtually free import of raw cotton into England  Helped to undermine traditional Indian textile mfg b/c the tariffs too high – India turned to exporting raw materials instead, labor force redirected to diff production  Import of cheap British mfg cloth to make up difference o Many peasants lost land to commercial AG production  Monoculture – specialized by region  India: cotton, tea, peanuts and sugar cane  1890-1940 production grew 85% (commercial production)  same time local production  7% while population grew 40% = hunger and social unrest  European urban pop demands forced more colonial subjects into cash cropping thru enslavement, taxation, land grabbing & indentured labor contracts - DISRUPTION OF GENDER ROLES  women traditional land-user rights displaced by concept of private property = increase pressure on women to increase food production© Tori M Saneda 2005-2008 - e.g., Kenya – Kikuyu culture – peasant land confiscated – men migrated to work on European farms – women lost control of resources = lowering of status, wealth and authority - REMOVAL OF COLONIAL PEOPLE TO RESOLVE LABOR SHORTAGES ELSEWHERE o African, Indian, Chinese o African slave trade started w/Portuguese in 1562; 1st African slave in America at Jamestown in 1619 - EUROPEAN TRADERS & MANUFACTURERS GOT BENEFITS FROM PRODUCTS & PROFITS FROM COLONIAL TRADE  fueled industrialism (more shortly) o Global social changes resulted  Indigenous peoples slave, indentured & peonage labor  European peasants disappeared at fast rate – moved to manufacturing centers = urban labor force  non-European countries: Loss of resources and traditions  energy channeled away from reproducing local C into sustaining European urban and industrial NN Decolonization - began in Haiti – late 18th century (1791)– Black Jacobian Revolt o slaves on sugar plantations revolted & became 1st to gain independence o spread from there: early 19th century = Latin America o to 1990s = South Africa - European colonialism collapsed during WWII – colonial powers couldn’t withstand anti-colonial struggles - Colonial subjects drafted during war returned home to apply this idea of self-determination & freedom to their own state of affairs - Ideology b/c linked w/idea that entitled to development - Anti-colonial struggles linked nationalism to building indigenous forms of socialism and development ideology - Amilcar Cabral (Sec-General of African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Islands) summed it up well in 1970: o “The objective of national liberation…*is+ to reclaim the right…of the process of development of national productive forces” - new independent states emerged  new leaders operating in arena foreign to them – had to operate in European terms to be considered legitimate  new states materially disorganized – required economic stimulation  economic stimulation followed European/Western model of development  source of stimulation = Western economic aid  = NEO-COLONIALISM (newly independent states closely tied to former colonial power esp. in economic arena = financial apron