CSD 2230 HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSLanguage ImpairmentPowerPoint PresentationHearing ImpairmentMental Retardation and Developmental DisabilitiesSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Learning DisabilitiesSlide 10Slide 11Specific Language ImpairmentSlide 13Autism and Pervasive Developmental DisorderSlide 15Slide 16Brain InjurySlide 18Slide 19Early Expressive Language DelayNeglect and AbuseFetal Alcohol SyndromeSlide 23Some Examples of Childhood Language DisordersSlide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION DISORDERSTopic 6Language DisordersChildhood DisordersCauses and Associated DisordersLanguage Impairment“A heterogeneous group of developmental and/or acquired disorders and/or delays principally characterized by deficits and/or immaturities in the use of spoken or written language for comprehension and/or production purposes that may involve the form, content, and/or function of language in any combination.”Causes and Associated Disorders Important to Childhood Language DisordersHearing Impairment1. Language is learned through hearing2. Deafness reduces the amount of auditory stimulation available to the child during the critical language learning period3. All components of language can be affected4. In general, the degree of hearing loss is related directly to the magnitude of the delayMental Retardation and Developmental DisabilitiesOccurs in about 2.5% of the populationCharacteristics1. substantial limitations in present, overall functioning2. significant sub average intellectual function•Severity is based on IQ•Mild (52-68)•Moderate (36-51)•Severe (20-35)•Profound (below 20)3. limitations in adaptive skills, communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, academics, leisure, and work4. limitations apparent before adulthoodMental Retardation and Developmental DisabilitiesCauses:Biological1. Genetic 2. Maternal infections3. Toxins4. Metabolic causes5. Problems before birth6. Complications during pregnancy7. Brain diseases acquired after birthSocial-environmental1. Stimulation deprivation2. Poverty—poor housing, poor medical care, poor nutrition, poor hygieneMental Retardation and Developmental DisabilitiesSome general characteristics of children with MR (mild-to-moderate degree):Difficulty selecting which stimuli to attend toLimitations in the ability to discriminate relevant cues Organization and categorization of new information is impairedMemory is much poorer than non-MR kids, especially short-term auditory memoryMental Retardation and Developmental DisabilitiesSpecific language characteristics of MR:1. Language impairments are their single most important limitation.2. The differences in their language skills, compared to age-matched non-MR kids are qualitative and quantitative•Initially, their language characteristics are normal but delayed•Utterances are shorter and less elaborate3. In later years, the differences are more qualitativeLearning DisabilitiesNational Joint Committee on Learning Disability“a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic to the individual and are presumed to be due to CNS dysfunction. Even though a LD may occur with other handicapping conditions or environmental influences, it is not the direct result of those conditions or influences.”Learning DisabilitiesDifferent forms of learning disability1. MotorHyperactivity, problems attending and concentrating,hypoactivityattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)2. AttentionShort attention spans, inattentiveness, excessive distractibility, and perseveration3. PerceptionProblems interpreting incoming stimuli, trouble integrating information from a different sources, and dyslexia4. MemoryProblems with short term and long term retrievalLearning DisabilitiesSpecific language characteristics:1. All aspects of language are usually affected2. Delayed in morphological rule acquisition and in the development of syntactic complexity3. Overall oral language develop may be slow4. Preschoolers exhibit little interest in books and languageSpecific Language Impairmentsignificant limitations in language functioning that can’t be attributed to hearing loss, problems with oral structure and functioning, IQ or perception deficitsSpecific Language ImpairmentLanguage characteristics:The primary characteristic of these kids is language delay, but it’s not the only thing Difficulty extracting regularities from the language around themDifficulty registering different contexts for languageDifficulty constructing word referent associations for vocabulary growthDifficulty with auditory processingAutism and Pervasive Developmental DisorderAutism is the most severe form of PDDAmerican Psychiatric Association defines autism as an impairment in reciprocal social interaction with a severely limited behavior, interest, and activity repertoire that has its onset before 30 months of age Likely causesBiological65% have abnormal brain activity Anatomical brain differencesIncreased seretoninPrenatal complications, Fragile X syndrome, family historyAutism and Pervasive Developmental DisorderAutism is characterized by the following deficiencies:1. Rate and sequence of the development of motor, social-adaptive and cognitive skills2. Response to sensory stimuli3. Speech and language, cognition and nonverbal communication4. Ability to relate to people, events, and objects appropriatelyAutism and Pervasive Developmental DisorderSpecific language characteristics:1. Lack of communication development is usually the first indicator of the disorder2. About 50% remain non-speaking3. Echolalia4. Pragmatics and semantics of language are generally more disrupted than linguistic formsBrain InjuryCauses:Traumatic brain injuryCerebrovascular accidentsCongenital malformationsConvulsive disordersDiseases of the brainBrain InjuryCharacteristics of kids with TBI1. Cognitive deficitsPerception, memory, reasoning, and problem solvingPermanent or temporaryPartially or totally affect functioning2. Psychological deficits:Social disinhibition , lack of initiative, distractibilityInability to adapt quickly, perseveration, low