ANTH 100G 1st EditionExam 1 Study GuideOvercoming EthnocentrismDefine enculturation. What is ethnocentrism and how does it pertain to anthropology? Name and define the five anthropologic approaches/perspectives discussed in class.Enculturation is best defined as the development of one’s culture through birth. What this means is that we start to create our cultural identity through the culture that we are born into. For example, if one is born in America, they will experience enculturation differently than someone born in Japan. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is the best way to do things. For example, if someone from America were to visit the Trobriand Islanders, they would most likely be shocked to find out that the males marry their father’s sister’s daughter. It is important for anthropologists to repress any feelings of ethnocentrism when observing a culture to prevent their biases from interfering with their publications.Five anthropologic approaches/perspectives discussed in class:1. Cultural Relativism: The idea that all cultures are equally distinctive and complex and different ways.2. Structure Functionalism (British): The organization of a society is what is focused upon i.e. when people are put in to groups they develop their own social structure. 3. Structuralism (French): Using the linguistic (hearing/language) method to analyze culture.4. Neo-evolutionist: Emphasize adaptation and development, but believe that developmentdoes not mean they will become as developed as us (which is believed in (the regular evolutionist approach).5. Post-modernism: Taking a more narrative approach to anthropology as opposed to a more scientific one. This means that they focused more on the opinions and feelings of the people as opposed to only studying their behaviors, structures, etc.Week 3-4 (Chapters 3-4) (September 4-11)Language and Culture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes? What is the difference between syntax and grammar? Phonemes are basic sound units, while morphemes are basic sound units that carry meaning. An example of a phoneme would be the “puh” sound that the letter “p” makes. An example of a morpheme would be the “-er” placed at the end of a lot of words such as “winner, loser, driver, swimmer.” Morphology is the way in which the sounds of a language are strung together to create meaning. Syntax is the rules by which larger speech units, such as phrases and sentences, are formed. Grammar is the complete description of language, including morphology, phonology, and syntax. It is important to note that syntax is a part of grammar, which is contrary to the popular belief that they are the same thing. Week 4-6 (Chapters 6-7) (September 18- October 2)Comparative Social OrganizationName and define the two forms of polygamy. State the different rules of descent. What does sister exchange, Mother’s Brother’s Daughter, and Father’s Sister’s Daughter have to do with marriage? What is the difference between a kinship and a clan?The two forms of polygamy are polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny is when a husband has multiple wives, while polyandry is when a wife has multiple husbands. Polygyny is much more common than polyandry, but both practices still exist.The most popular rules of descent are patrilineal and matrilineal (unilateral) rules of descent. Patrilineal descent is when one’s descent (ancestry) is traced from one’s father, while matrilinealdescent is when one’s descent is traced from one’s mother. Ambilineal descent is when descent is traced from either the father or the mother. Bilateral descent is when descent is traced from both the father’s and mother’s side.Sister exchange is when a woman’s hand in marriage in one family is exchanged for the hand in marriage of a woman from another family. Mother’s brother’s daughter (MBD) marriage is an arranged marriage between a man and his mother’s brother’s daughter. MBD is often looked upon to be an uphill marriage because the mother is likely to get along with her brother’s daughter because they are blood-related. Father’s sister’s daughter (FZD) marriage is an arranged marriage between a man and his father’s sister’s daughter. FZD is often looked upon as a downhill marriage because the mother is unlikely to get along with the father’s sister’s daughter because they’re not blood related. Note that these are cross-cousin marriages, and that parallel-cousin marriages (mother’s sister and father’s brother) are taboo in most cultures.A kinship is a group established by extended family/relatives, while a clan is a group that is established for a certain purpose or cause. Kinships are exclusive because they are limited only to members of an extended family, while clans are inclusive because they want as many people as possible to be behind their cause. An example of a kinship would be the Omaha kinship, which is a patrilineal kinship. An example of a clan would be the Klu Klux Klan, which was a racist clan established with the purpose of discriminating against different races (mostly African)and minorities. Kinship ties can always be traced, while clan ties are never able to be