ANTH 100G 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Overcoming Ethnocentrism Define enculturation What is ethnocentrism and how does it pertain to anthropology Name and define the five anthropologic approaches perspectives discussed in class Enculturation is best defined as the development of one s culture through birth What this means is that we start to create our cultural identity through the culture that we are born into For example if one is born in America they will experience enculturation differently than someone born in Japan Ethnocentrism is the belief that one s own culture is the best way to do things For example if someone from America were to visit the Trobriand Islanders they would most likely be shocked to find out that the males marry their father s sister s daughter It is important for anthropologists to repress any feelings of ethnocentrism when observing a culture to prevent their biases from interfering with their publications Five anthropologic approaches perspectives discussed in class 1 Cultural Relativism The idea that all cultures are equally distinctive and complex and different ways 2 Structure Functionalism British The organization of a society is what is focused upon i e when people are put in to groups they develop their own social structure 3 Structuralism French Using the linguistic hearing language method to analyze culture 4 Neo evolutionist Emphasize adaptation and development but believe that development does not mean they will become as developed as us which is believed in the regular evolutionist approach 5 Post modernism Taking a more narrative approach to anthropology as opposed to a more scientific one This means that they focused more on the opinions and feelings of the people as opposed to only studying their behaviors structures etc Week 3 4 Chapters 3 4 September 4 11 Language and Culture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes What is the difference between syntax and grammar Phonemes are basic sound units while morphemes are basic sound units that carry meaning An example of a phoneme would be the puh sound that the letter p makes An example of a morpheme would be the er placed at the end of a lot of words such as winner loser driver swimmer Morphology is the way in which the sounds of a language are strung together to create meaning Syntax is the rules by which larger speech units such as phrases and sentences are formed Grammar is the complete description of language including morphology phonology and syntax It is important to note that syntax is a part of grammar which is contrary to the popular belief that they are the same thing Week 4 6 Chapters 6 7 September 18 October 2 Comparative Social Organization Name and define the two forms of polygamy State the different rules of descent What does sister exchange Mother s Brother s Daughter and Father s Sister s Daughter have to do with marriage What is the difference between a kinship and a clan The two forms of polygamy are polygyny and polyandry Polygyny is when a husband has multiple wives while polyandry is when a wife has multiple husbands Polygyny is much more common than polyandry but both practices still exist The most popular rules of descent are patrilineal and matrilineal unilateral rules of descent Patrilineal descent is when one s descent ancestry is traced from one s father while matrilineal descent is when one s descent is traced from one s mother Ambilineal descent is when descent is traced from either the father or the mother Bilateral descent is when descent is traced from both the father s and mother s side Sister exchange is when a woman s hand in marriage in one family is exchanged for the hand in marriage of a woman from another family Mother s brother s daughter MBD marriage is an arranged marriage between a man and his mother s brother s daughter MBD is often looked upon to be an uphill marriage because the mother is likely to get along with her brother s daughter because they are blood related Father s sister s daughter FZD marriage is an arranged marriage between a man and his father s sister s daughter FZD is often looked upon as a downhill marriage because the mother is unlikely to get along with the father s sister s daughter because they re not blood related Note that these are cross cousin marriages and that parallel cousin marriages mother s sister and father s brother are taboo in most cultures A kinship is a group established by extended family relatives while a clan is a group that is established for a certain purpose or cause Kinships are exclusive because they are limited only to members of an extended family while clans are inclusive because they want as many people as possible to be behind their cause An example of a kinship would be the Omaha kinship which is a patrilineal kinship An example of a clan would be the Klu Klux Klan which was a racist clan established with the purpose of discriminating against different races mostly African and minorities Kinship ties can always be traced while clan ties are never able to be traced