StressAdrenalglandNervecellNervesignalsReleasinghormoneHypothalamusAnterior pituitaryBlood vesselACTHAdrenal cortexSpinal cordAdrenal medullaKidney(a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress responseEffects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:2. Increased blood pressure3. Increased breathing rate4. Increased metabolic rate1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activityEffects ofmineralocorticoids:Effects ofglucocorticoids:1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure2. Possible suppression of immune system1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucoseFig. 45-21: Stress and the Adrenal Gland(Secretes epinephrineand norepinephrine)(Secretes mineral-corticoids andglucocorticoids)Fig. 45-20: Roles of PTH in Regulating Blood Calcium Levels in MammalsPTHParathyroid gland(behind thyroid)STIMULUS:Falling bloodCa2+ levelHomeostasis:Blood Ca2+ level(about 10 mg/100 mL)Blood Ca2+level rises.Stimulates Ca2+uptake in kidneysStimulatesCa2+releasefrom bonesIncreases Ca2+ uptake in intestinesActivevitamin DFig. 45-14: Endocrine Glands in the Human BrainSpinal cordPosteriorpituitaryCerebellumPinealglandAnteriorpituitaryHypothalamusPituitaryglandHypothalamusThalamusCerebrumFig. 45-15: Productionand Release of PosteriorPituitary HormonesPosteriorpituitaryAnteriorpituitaryNeurosecretorycells of thehypothalamusHypothalamusAxonHORMONEOxytocinADHKidney tubulesTARGET Mammary glands,uterine musclesFig. 45-17: Production and Release of Anterior Pituitary HormonesHypothalamicreleasing andinhibitinghormonesNeurosecretory cellsof the hypothalamusHORMONETARGETPosterior pituitaryPortal vesselsEndocrine cells ofthe anterior pituitaryPituitary hormonesTropic effects only:FSHLHTSHACTHNontropic effects only:ProlactinMSHNontropic and tropic effects:GHTestes orovariesThyroidFSH and LH TSHAdrenalcortexMammaryglandsACTH Prolactin MSH GHMelanocytes Liver, bones,other tissuesFig. 45-18:A Hormone CascadePathway withFeeback RegulationColdPathwayStimulusHypothalamus secretesthyrotropin-releasinghormone (TRH )Negative feedbackExampleSensoryneuronNeurosecretorycellBloodvesselAnterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulatinghormone (TSHor thyrotropin )TargetcellsResponseBody tissuesIncreased cellularmetabolism–Thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (T3 and T4 )–StressAdrenalglandNervecellNervesignalsReleasinghormoneHypothalamusAnterior pituitaryBlood vesselACTHAdrenal cortexSpinal cordAdrenal medullaKidney(a) Short-term stress response (b) Long-term stress responseEffects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:2. Increased blood pressure3. Increased breathing rate4. Increased metabolic rate1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activityEffects ofmineralocorticoids:Effects ofglucocorticoids:1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure2. Possible suppression of immune system1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucoseFig. 45-21: Stress and the Adrenal Gland(Secretes epinephrineand norepinephrine)(Secretes mineral-corticoids
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