FSHD 323Fall 2013Study Guide: Test 3 (part 2 of 3)Chapter 8: Intelligence & Chapter 12: Theory of MindDefine, recognize and provide examples of:- Crystallized intelligence: What we already know and can draw upon to solve problems. (Cattell) Facts, information, vocabulary, accumulated knowledge and experience. - Fluid intelligence: What allows us to solve novel problems for which we have little training quickly and effectively. Support effective reasoning, abstraction and problem solving. - Successful, analytical, practical and creative intelligence Successful- balances these 3 intelligences to achieve success in life. Personal goals and the requirements of one’s cultural community.Analytical- information processing components that underlie all intelligent acts. The component refers to problem-solving abilities. Creative- ability to generate ideas and to deal successfully with novelty. Ability todeal with new situations using past experiences and current skills.Practical- ability to solve problems by changing yourself or your behavior to fit the environment better. Changing the environment, or moving to a different environment in which you can be more successful. This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment. - IQ formula, including the definition of mental ageMental age: an index of child’s actual performance on an intelligence test is compared with his/her true age/ Questions most children that age get right (Alfred Binet). IQ formula: Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by a 100. Mental age- Expressed as the age at which a child is performing intellectually. Tested the same as the average age at which normal children achieve a particular score. If the mental age is the same as the chronological age, then theIQ will equal 100. If your chronological age is 10 and your IQ score is 120, the formula would be: 120 = x divided by 10. X = mental age- Flynn Effect: Substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores. Describes the increase in average IQ scoresworldwide. Levels of education, nutrition and financial considerations, no indication that any external influence is the cause. There is a 3 point rise average in IQ points worldwide. Linear in United States. Environmental factors influence average IQ’s of populations. Role of nurture and nature in formingFSHD 323Fall 2013intelligence and other human characteristics. - Social cognition: Encoding, storage, retrieval and processing of information in the brain. Cognitive processes play in our social interactions. Trends identified for cognitive development also apply to social understanding. Concrete to abstract, better organization, and reasoning about cause and effect.Progresses from simple, one-sided explanations to complex, interacting relationships. More complex than nonsocial cognition, but it develops as rapidly- Theory of mind: ability to understand self and other as agents who act on the basis of their mental states such as beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Basically understanding that others have different beliefs and desires from you. Ability to attribute beliefs, intents or desired to own self and others. Understand that others have these things as well and they are different from our own. - Recursive thinking: Ability to think about other people thinking about your own thinking. - False beliefs principle: Understanding that another person might have a false belief and the ability to determine what may cause the false belief; understanding deception. Key concepts- Describe the factor analytic theory of intelligenceSpearman; determines which aspects of intelligence (cluster together) Help identify clusters of skills that people tended to excel in and were therefore, related.General intelligence: g factor. Refers to the existence of a general intelligence that influences performance on mental ability measures. G factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests. Belief that intelligence can be measured and expressed by a single number, such as an IQ score. Behind all that we do. General problem solving abilities when a situation is novel. An underlying intelligence. Specific intelligence: Utilize the type of thinking and problem solving skills of the right hemisphere. Hierarchical intelligence: g is at the highest level and influences all specificFSHD 323Fall 2013intelligence- Calculation and interpretation of IQ scores 70-130 is normalBelow 70 is mental retardationOver 130 is giftedTest norm- values or sets of values that describe the typical performance of a specific group of people; established by age- little attention paid to sociocultural differences.Normal distribution- bell shaped- most scores cluster around the mean, or average with progressively fewer falling toward each extreme. Intelligence quotient- an index of the way a person performs on a standardized intelligence test, relative to the way others of the same age perform. - Describe stability in IQInfant intelligence- sensorimotorGoals:There may be considerable variability in early IQ scores, reflecting different ratesof development. By middle childhood: most instability in IQ scores is in childhood or adolescence.Change sin the structure of their brains and change in performance.Measured by the correlation of test scores on two or more occasions that are far apart. Depend upon the age at which the individual are tested and the time interval between tests.IQ tests: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual, and short-termmemory- Describe the 5 factors that contribute to the development of theory of mindduring early childhoodLanguage: Take place at around 4 years of age. Changes in ability to understandfalse belief. Captures the components of minds; add weight to findings about mind reading abilities of young children if they are replicated. First 2 years of life- early language learning. Primitive understanding. Develop language that is used to describe internal states (wants and desires). Cognitive Abilities: brain-based skills we need to carry out any task from theFSHD 323Fall 2013simplest form to the most complex form. Sensitive and responsive parenting: Mind-mindedness: parent’s ability to represent their children’s likely thoughts and feelings.Understand what others are thinking is a skill that families can promote. When parents discuss emotions with their children, they can develop a