ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: A Helicopter as an ActuatorOutlineReference listTo explore further (survival pointers of web references etc)Major applicationsBasic Working PrincipleBasic Working Principle (Continued)Slide 8Slide 9Controlling a HelicopterControlling a Helicopter (Continued)Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Major SpecificationsLimitationsLimitations (Continued)Helicopter PricingHelicopter Pricing (RC variety)ConclusionECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Actuators Topic: A Helicopter as an ActuatorPrepared by:Curtis J. OstranderDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State UniversityE: [email protected]; T: (435)797-; F: (435)797-3054 (ECE Dept.)W: http://3/7/200801/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-2Outline –Reference list–To probe further–Major applications–Basic working principle illustrated–Controlling a Helicopter–Major specifications–Limitations–And many more relevant issues in applications (such as, how to choose, cost information, where to buy etc.)01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-3Reference list•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_helicopter•http://www.rcheliwiki.com/•http://www.start-flying.com/new%20site/heli1.htm•http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_does_a_helicopter_fly•http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html•http://www.thaitechnics.com/helicopter/heli_intro.html•http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Helicopter_-_Limitations/id/129219801/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-4To explore further (survival pointers of web references etc) •To explore general helicopter information refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter•To learn how helicopters fly, refer to http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-5Major applications •Military Applications – Most branches of any nations armed forces employs helicopters.•Fire Fighting – Helicopters are employed to drop water or flame retardant.•Search and Rescue – Helicopters provide a stable air platform with which to support search and rescue operations.•Air Ambulance – A helicopter’s ability to land in small areas allow use as a fast medevac vehicle.•Construction – Large helicopters are able to lift large payloads and move them from one location to another.01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-6Basic Working Principle•A typical drive train of a helicopter consists of an engine supplying power, a main rotor for lift, a tail rotor for torque compensation, and gearboxes to translate the engine power to the main rotor and tail rotor.Image copied from http://www.start-flying.com/new%20site/heli1.htm01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-7Basic Working Principle (Continued)A helicopter is a rotary wing aircraft, where the wing of the aircraft is the rotor blade.•A helicopter raises in the air using lift via the equationWhere CL is the Lift Coefficient, d is the density of air,V is the velocity of air, and A is the wing area. Image copied from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_rotorAVdCLiftL*2*201/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-8Basic Working Principle (Continued)In understanding lift, it is important to understandPitch. In a helicopter, the amount of lift isgenerated by the angle of the rotor blade, or pitchangle, and the speed of therotor blade. Increasing the pitch angle causes an increased angle of“attack”, thereby increasing the airflow under therotor blade causing an increase in lift.Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-9Basic Working Principle (Continued)Since the rotor is spinning, there is a tendency for the body of the helicopter to rotate in the opposite direction the rotor is spinning. The tail rotor provides the anti-torque device needed to correct this tendency.Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-10Controlling a HelicopterOnce airborne a helicopter needs to be controlled.Helicopters have four controls: Throttle, Rotational(Yaw), Collective, and Cyclic. Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-11Controlling a Helicopter (Continued)Controlling these four items are accomplished by use of the cyclic stick, tail rotor pedals, and thecollective lever. The collective lever also containsthe throttle control.Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-12Controlling a Helicopter (Continued)To move the helicopterup or down, theCollective is used tocontrol the pitch angle ofthe rotor blades. This isaccomplished using a swash plate to control allthe rotor bladessimultaneously. Raising thecollective will cause the helicopter to lift, while lowering the collective will cause the helicopter to drop.Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-13Controlling a Helicopter (Continued)The cyclic control allows thepilot to move the helicopter right, left, forward, backward, or hover. This is done by changing the pitch on individual rotor blades via the swash plate. Tilting the swash plate changes the pitch on individual blades as shown.Image copied from http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/how-helicopters-fly.html01/13/19ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuatorsSlide-14Controlling a Helicopter (Continued)When hovering or in motion, the helicopter can be made to turn using the foot pedals. When hovering, the foot pedals change the pitch of the tail rotor causing the helicopter to pivot or rotate.When the helicopter is in motion, changing the pitch of the tail rotor acts as a rudder causing
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