COMP4 Summer II 2005 Page 1 Lec-02COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 1Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?How’d we get here? Why?What we’ll cover for this lecture topic:• Mind Tool inventors & their inventions– (for Computers: basic components?)• Motivation• Purpose• So what?• Ancient times–Trade– Abacus: ~5,000 yrs agoAbacus2Loom• 1800s– Jacquard automated the pattern-weaving process.• Punchedcards– So what?Slide rule• 1600s– Pascal: “Pascaline” + –– Oughtred: slide rulePascalineCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 3Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?Java AbacusCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 4Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?Java Sliderule• 1800s, continued...– Charles Babbage• Differenceengine • Analytical engine • brief video…D.E.ANALYTICAL EngineDifference Engine3D.E.• 1800s, continued...– Herman Hollerith• Tabulatingmachine• Punched cards ..…COMP4 Summer II 2005 Page 2 Lec-02D.E.• Early 1900s– Desktop machinesBurroughs c1911Remington c1930Marchant c1920COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 8Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?D.E.• Late 1930s–40s (WWII)– Nazi Germany, 1941• Konrad Zuse’sZ3: 1st programmable, general-purpose, electromechanical computer. • brief videorelayZuseCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 9Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• America Enters the War (War Dept problems)– Howard Aiken, and IBM:•Mark I: Electromechanical digital computer. – J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly• ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator & ComputerÆ• Patented as 1st electronic, general-purpose computer in 1946. Patent later voided. • Ready after the war….• Limitations ... ?Vacuum tubesRelayCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 10Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?ENIACCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 11Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?ENIACENIAC plug board (one of many)1946COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 12Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• Post-war: 1940s and early 50s– John von Neumann• Memory easier to change than rewiring hardware. • Eckert & Mauchly Computer Company 1946• Saw market potential for government & business.• UNIVAC: first commercial general-purpose computer, delivered to US Census Bureau by Remington-Rand, 1951.Video... Watch for:• UNIVAC’s TV debut (J. Presper Eckert in the bow tie).• Media hype. • Where public gets misconceptions about “giant brains.”• Changes in the physical structure (electronics industry).– Esp. progression from vacuum tubes to discrete transistors to ICs.• Answer questions on the next few SLIDES (thru pg 17).COMP4 Summer II 2005 Page 3 Lec-02COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 13Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• Post-war: 1940s and early 50s, continued...– Who was first to sell computers to business?– When did IBM sell its first computer to business?– Why did IBM 650 do so well?IBM 650COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 14Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• Late 1950s, into 1960s– What nearly brought the computer industry to its knees?– What would replace vacuum tubes in computers?– Why were they still a problem for use in computers?– What invention solved that problem? Why?– What advantages did they have?Univac VACUUM TUBE BOARDPunched cards (from Univac)Discrete transistorsCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 17Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• 1959: first IC announced–Used right away? Why?• 1960s:– What events changed that?• 1970s and Silicon Valley– ICs: smaller, denser, faster, cheaper1stIntegrated CircuitCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 18Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?After the video• 1971: first “microprocessor”• 1975: Altair 8800 kitIntel 4004Digression:Start of 1975: no one person owned a PC.Within fiveyears: $1B industryCOMP4 Summer II 2005 Page 4 Lec-02COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 19Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?“The era of the computer in every home---a favorite topic among science fiction writers ---has arrived! …… has 78 basic machine instructions …the program can be entered via switches on the front, providing LED readout in binary format…”Order your very own today!COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 20Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?• 1975: Microsoft licenses BASIC• 1976: Apple Computer Company is launched…• 1979: Apple II and Visicalc $1298 • 1981: IBM PC $1265– By 1982: IBM owns more than half of PC market. Why?1stIBM PCCOMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 21Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?90s and TODAY:• Faster, cheaper, smaller…whoah!– Obsolescence– The Internet and Web – Networking your home …inter-connectivity• 1984: The Macintosh. How was it different?• 1990: Windows 3.0 (=heartburn for Apple Co.)• 1995+: Win 95/98/M.E/2000/XP…..COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 22Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?Overall trends over timeSpeed: doubles every 1-2 yearsMemory: doubles every 3-4 yearsWeight, Size: relatively constant except, for notebooks & PDAsHmmm, if only cars had improved as much since the late 1940s...COMP 4—Power Tools for the Mind 23Use and abuseWhat’s in the box?A Few Good VideosA Few Good Videos……..The Machine that Changed the World (c1991)--PBS; available at non-print, U. LibraryPC History:Triumph of the Nerds (c1996)--PBS; Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)--made-for-TV movie--hope to show some during