Chapter 5: LipidsLipids: a family of compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. They are characterized by the insolubility in water.Linoleic Acid: an essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bondsLinolenic Acid: essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and THREE double bondsOmega: refers to the position of the closests double bond to the methyl end of a fatty acidOmega-3 Fatty Acid: Polyunsaturated Fatty acid in which the closest double bond to the methyl end of the carbon chain is 3 carbons awayOmega-6 Fatty Acids: Polyunsaturated Fatty acid in which the closest double bond tothe methyl end of the carbon chain is 6 carbons awayTriglycerides: Chief form of fat in the diet and the major storage form of fat in the body; composed of a molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attachedGlycerol: An alcohol composed of a 3-carbon chain, which can serve as the backbone for a triglycerideCondensation: Chemical reaction in which water is released as 2 molecules combine to form one larger productFats: lipids that are solid at room tempOils: Lipids that are liquid at room tempOxidation: process of a substance combining with oxygen; oxidation reactions involve the loss of electronsAntioxidants: As a food additive, preservatives that delay or prevent rancidity of fats in foods and other damage to food cause by oxygenHydrogenation: Chemical process by which hydrogens are added to monosaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids to reduce the number of double bonds, making the fats more saturated and more resistant to oxidation. Produces trans-fatty acidsCis: refers to the chemical configuration in which the hydrogen atoms are located on the same side of a double bondTrans: refers to the chemical configuration in which hydrogen atoms are located on opposite sides of a double bondTrans-Fatty Acids: Fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bondConjugated Linoleic Acids: Several fatty acids that have the same chemical formula as linoleic acid but with different configurations Phospholipids: Compound similar to a triglyceride but having a phosphate group and choline in place of one of the fatty acids. Lecithin: One of the phospholipids. Both nature and the food industry use lecithin as an emulsifier to combine water-soluble and fat-soluble ingredients that do not ordinarily mix, such as water and oilCholine: A nitrogen-containing compound found in foods and made in the body fromthe amino acid methionine. It is part of the phospholipid lecithin and the neurotransmitter acetylcholineHydrophobic: water-fearing, or non-soluble substances: also known as lipophilic (fatloving)Hydrophilic: water-soluble or water lovingEmulsifiers: Substances with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that promote the mixing of oils and fats in watery solutionsSterols: Compounds containing a four-ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached Cholesterol: One of the sterols containing a four-ring carbon structure with a carbon side chainEndogenous: from within the bodyExogenous: From outside the bodyPlaque: Buildup of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous connective tissue that develops in the artery walls in atherosclerosis. Plaque associated with atherosclerosis is known as athermanous plaqueAtherosclerosis: A type of artery disease characterized by plaque on the inner walls of the arteriesLipases: Enzymes that hydrolyze lipids. Lingual lipase refers to the fat-digesting enzyme secreted from the salivary gland at the base of the tongueMonoglycerides: Molecules of glycerol with one fatty acid attached. A molecule of glycerol with 2 fatty acids attached is a diglyceride.Micelles: Tiny spherical complexes of emulsified fat that arise during digestion; mostcontain bile salts and the products of lipid digestion. Including fatty acids, monoglycerides, and cholesterolLipoproteins: Clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport for lipids in the lymph and bloodChylomicrons: Class of lipoproteins that transport lipids from the intestinal cells to the rest of the body.VLD(Very-low-density lipoproteins)- Type of lipoprotein made primarily by liver cells to transport lipids to various tissues in the body; composed primarily of triglyceridesLDL(Low-Density-Lipoprotein)- Type of lipoprotein derived from VLDL as triglycerides are removed and broken down; composed primarily of cholesterol(Bad)HDL(High-Density- Lipoprotein)- Type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol back to the liver from the cells; composed primarily of protein. (Good)Adipose Tissue: The body’s fat tissue; consists of masses of triglyceride-storing cellsAdipokines: Proteins synthesized and secreted by adipose cellsEssential Fatty Acids- Fatty acids needed by the body but not made by it in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needsArachidonic Acid: An Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and 4 double bonds; present in small amounts in meat and other animal products, synthesized in the body from linoleic acidConditionally Essential Nutrient: A nutrient that is normally non-essential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when the need for it exceeds the body’s ability to produce itEicosapentaenoic Acid: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds; present in fatty fish and synthesized in limited amounts in the body from linolenic acidDocosahexaenoic Acid: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds; present in fatty fish and synthesized in limited amounts in the body from linolenic acidEicosanoids: Derivatives of 20 carbon fatty acids; biologically active compounds that help to regulate blood pressure, blood clotting, and other body functions. They include PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANES, and LEUKOTRIENESLipoprotein Lipase (LPL)- Enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, where they can be metabolized forenergy or reassembled for storage.Hormone-Sensitive Lipase: Enzyme inside adipose cells that responds to the body’s need for fuel by hydrolyzing triglycerides so that their parts escape into the general circulation and thus become available to other cells for fuel. The signals to which thisenzyme responds include epinephrine and glucagon, which oppose insulinBlood Lipid Profile: results of blood tests that reveal a person’s total cholesterol, triglycerides, and various lipoproteinsCardiovascular Disease: