Psych 350 2nd EditionFinal Exam Study GuideLecture 23 (November 1)I. Aggressiona. What is aggression?- Aggression is defined as behavior that is intended to harm another individualII. Types of Aggressiona. Instrumental aggression- Harm is inflicted as a means to a desired endb. Emotional aggression- Harm is inflicted for its own sakeIII. Culture and Aggressiona. Cultures differ in attitude toward various kinds of aggressionb. Some are nonviolentc. Individualistic vs. Collectivisticd. Cultures differ in aggression involving childrene. Bullying - Bullying of students by other students pervasive around the worldIV. Gender and Aggressiona. Universal findings that men are more violent than womenb. Differences stable over time and placec. Boys tend to be more overtly aggressived. Girls often are more indirectly or relationally aggressivee. Link to testosteroneLecture 24 (November 4)I. Individual Differences- Some genetic component is likely- Narcissistic personality- Feeling entitled to preferential treatment- Willingness to exploit others- Low empathy for others Aggression 4 likely- Higher levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin reduces aggression- Impaired prefrontal cortex linked to aggression - Impulsive behaviors- Hostile attribution bias- the tendency to perceive hostile intent in othersII. Social Learning Theory- Bandura’s (1961) Bobo Doll Study- Modeling of aggressionIII. The Extent of Media Violence- By the end of elementary school a typical American child will have seen:- 8,000 murders- More than 100,000 other acts of violence- 2003 study found 534 separate episodes of prime time violence during a 2 week period- The most violent TV shows are targeted to childrenIV. Long-term Media Effects- Includes video gaming- Modeling of attitudes and values- Through habituation, watching excessive media violence causes desensitization to violence- Pro-social television/ games associated with children’s pro-social behaviorV. Frustration- Aggression Hypothesis- Frustration always leads to the motive to aggress- All aggression is caused by frustration- Both of these points have been later found to be overstatedLecture 25 (November 13)I. Catharsis (Dollard, Freud)a. The idea that “blowing off steam” (watching aggression, being aggressive in asafe manner, thinking about aggression) reduces aggression- Not trueII. Revised Frustration Aggression hypothesisa. Any negative feeling can trigger aggression- Discomfort- Unbearable Heat- Illness- Stressb. Likelihood of riots significantly increase in the 80s and 90 degree weather (more likely in the summer) because of discomfort- So does sexual assaultIII. Lawa. “Voire dire” (Latin for “that which is true)- Pretrial interview of potential jurors to uncover signs of bias- Clearly biased individuals are excused by the judge- Lawyers permitted peremptory challenges Reject potential jurors without stating a reason  Lawyers rely on their own personality theories and stereotypeso These are inaccurate, leading to discrimination b. Approaches to Police interrogations- Pressure the suspect into submission by expressing certainty of his or her guiltLecture 26 (November 15)I. The Risk of False Confessionsa. May confess merely to escape a bad situationb. Internalization can lead innocent suspects to believe they might be guilty of the crimec. Two factors can increase the risk of false confessions- Lack of a clear memory of the event in question- Presentation of false evidenceII. Confessions and the Jurya. Juries are powerfully influenced by evidence of a confession, even if the confession was coerced or there is evidence of innocence- Fundamental attribution error revisited III. The Lie Detector Testa. Polygraph: a mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channelsb. Unreliable- Truthful people often fail the test- The test can be faked by artificially inflating arousal responses to “innocent” questions- Clenching of the thighs and butt when asked baseline questions (such as your name) makes it more likely that you’ll passLecture 27 (November 18)I. Eye Witness Testimonya. Eye witnesses are imperfectb. Certain personal and situational factors can impair eye witness performance- Emotional state- Memories for faces and events decline over time- Misinformation Effect: The tendency for false post-event information to become integrated into people’s memory of an event- The way you are asked about something effects what you remember- Cross-race identification biasc. Judges, juries and lawyers are not well informed about these factorsLecture 28 (November 22)I. Jury Deliberationsa. Conformity revisited- 2 elements (combination)- Informational Influence (believe everyone else is correct)- Normative Influence (Not wanting to stick out so they conform)II. Industrial/ Organizational Psychologya. The study of human behavior in the workplaceb. Hawthorne plant studies (1927) found that simply observing workers increased their productivity- “Hawthorne effect”III. Mixed effect of interviewsa. Diminish the tendency to make simple stereotyped judgments- However, they introduce a physical attractiveness biasb. Interviewees often fake how they present themselvesIV. Increasing Tipsa. Induce positive mood- Revisit effect of positive mood on helpingb. Study: bartenders made more tips if they included a joke card with the billc. Study: Waitresses who introduced themselves by name made 23% in tips, compared to 15% for those who did notd. Remember the fundamental attribution error- Online presence (Social Media)V. Social Influences in the Stock Marketa. Market timing: tends to sell during the lows, and buy during the highs of the marketb. Conformity revisitedVI. Investment Strategiesa. Avoid making biased decisions by doing the following:- Start saving early- Diversify- Invest in mutual funds rather than individual stocks- Set up a payroll deduction plan- Pay off credit card