The EarthGuiding QuestionsSlide Number 3MineralsSlide Number 5Telling Rocks ApartThe Rock CycleEarthly Actions and ReactionsSurface Building ProcessesSurface Building ProcessesMountainsVolcanoesEarthquakesSlide Number 14Earth’s Interior - How We Know ItWhat We Learn from SeismometersEarth’s Inside StoryEnergy Transfer in the Earth – Like a Pot of Boiling WaterModeling The Earth’s Interior The Crust and Upper MantleSlide Number 21Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics, or movement of the plates, is driven by convection within the asthenospherePlates are smashingPlate Tectonics Further Evidence from FossilsSlide Number 27Development of Geologic TimeSurface Tear-Down ProcessesAtmosphereThe Earth’s atmosphere has changed substantially over timeStructure of the AtmosphereCirculation in atmosphere results from convection and Earth’s rotationWindsHydrosphereSlide Number 36Weather ProducersWeather ForecastingClimateSlide Number 40Slide Number 41Slide Number 42Slide Number 43Slide Number 44OceanographySlide Number 46Slide Number 47The Earth’s Magnetic FieldAn increased flow of charged particles from the Sun can overload the Van Allen belts and cascade toward the Earth, producing aurorae Energy Sources and the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and surfaceSlide Number 51What does the color of the white layer, due to the lack of iron oxide, tell us about the history of the Earth’s atmosphere ?The Greenhouse EffectSlide Number 54Slide Number 55Deforestation and fossil fuel burning increase the greenhouse effect in our atmosphere and warms the planetHow does human population effect the Earth’s atmosphere and climate?Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere – repairs have taken place after human mediationThe MoonGuiding QuestionsSlide Number 61The Moon’s OrbitThe Moon’s airless, dry surface is covered with plains and cratersSlide Number 64Slide Number 65The maria formed after the surrounding light-colored terrain, so they have not been exposed to meteoritic bombardment for as long and have fewer craters Slide Number 67Slide Number 68Slide Number 69All of the lunar rock samples are igneous rocks formed largely of minerals found in terrestrial rocksLunar rocks reveal a geologic history quite unlike that of EarthThe Moon has no global magnetic field but has a small core beneath a thick mantle The Formation of the MoonSlide Number 74Tidal interactions between the Earth and Moon are slowing the Earth’s rotation and causing the Moon to move away from the EarthSlide Number 76Earth Science Jargon1The Earth2Guiding Questions1. What is the greenhouse effect? How does it affect the average temperature of the Earth?2. Is the Earth completely solid inside? How can scientists tell?3. How is it possible for entire continents to move across the face of the Earth?4. How does our planet’s magnetic field protect life on Earth?5. Why is Earth the only planet with an oxygen-rich atmosphere?6. Why are prevailing winds generally from the west over most of North America but generally from the east in Hawaii?7. What are global warming and the “ozone hole”? Why should they concern us?3Earth Data4Minerals• Characteristics– naturally occurring– inorganic– definite crystalline structure• Uses– The natural resources of industry5• Plate tectonics is involved in the formation of the three major categories of rocks– Igneous Rock • cooled from molten material– Sedimentary Rock • Layered eroded material formed by the action of wind, water, or ice– Metamorphic Rock • Rock that has been altered in the solid state by extreme heat and pressure6Telling Rocks Apart• How geologists tell apart different minerals and rocks– color, luster, texture– hardness test• scratching one against another– diamond is hardest– acid test• using weak hydrochloric acid to test for carbonates– streak test• form a streak across a ceramic tile7The Rock Cycle8Earthly Actions and Reactions• Stress– “stress is a force that tends to compress, pull apart, or deform”– different types of stress• compressive stress• tensional stress• shear stress• Strain– “the adjustment to stress”9Surface Building Processes• Folds– bends in layered bedrock• Anticline /\• Syncline \/10Surface Building Processes• Faulting– formation of a crack caused by relative movement of rock on either side of a fracture• different types - normal, reverse, thrust11Mountains• “elevated parts of the Earth’s crust that rise abruptly above the surrounding surface”• Causes– folding, faulting, volcanic activity12Volcanoes• “hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments from magma below”• Different types– shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown)13Earthquakes• Defined as “quaking, shaking, vibrating, or upheaval of the ground”• Earthquake causes– elastic rebound theory• Intensity measure– Richter Magnitude• not linear scale14Seismic Waves15Earth’s Interior - How We Know It16What We Learn from Seismometers• The Earth’s inner and outer cores are composed of iron with some nickel and other metals mixed in• The mantle is composed of iron-rich minerals• Both temperature and pressure steadily increase with depth inside the Earth17Earth’s Inside Story18Energy Transfer in the Earth – Like a Pot of Boiling Water19Modeling The Earth’s Interior20The Crust and Upper Mantle21Note how the continents appear to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle22Plate Tectonics• “The theory that the Earth’s crust is made of rigid plates that float on the asthenosphere.”• Consider the scientific evidence for plate tectonics and what forced scientists to accept the theory as fact23Plate tectonics, or movement of the plates, is driven by convection within the asthenosphere• Molten material wells up at oceanic rifts, producing seafloor spreading, and is returned to the asthenosphere in subduction zones• As one end of a plate is subducted back into the asthenosphere, it helps to pull the rest of the plate along24Plates are smashing25Plate Tectonics • The Earth’s crust and a small part of its upper mantle form a rigid layer called the lithosphere.• The lithosphere is divided into huge plates that move about over the plastic layer called the asthenosphere in the upper mantle26Further Evidence from Fossils2728Development of Geologic Time• Fossilization• “Reading the Rocks”–