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UT AST 350L - Lecture 10- Galileo I

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The History and Philosophyof Astronomy (Lecture 10: Galileo I)Instructor: Volker BrommTA: Amanda BauerThe University of Texas at AustinAstronomy 350L (Spring 2005)Galileo Galilei: The First Scientist • 1564 (Pisa) – 1642 (Arcetri)• founder of modern physics- law of interia- law of free fall• first astronomer to use telescope• The “Trial of Galileo”(conflict with Catholic Church)Galileo: Timeline and Context • between Copernicus and Newton• contemporary of Kepler and TychoBorn in Pisa (1564) • Pisa: part of Grandduchyof Tuscany• University townProfessor in Pisa (1589-92) • Professor of mathematics (badly paid)• New laws of motion (inertia, free fall)Philosophy of Science: Two Traditions 2) Archimedes1) Aristotle(287-212 BC)Archimedes of Syracuse (287 –212 BC) “Give me a place to stand,and I will move the Earth”• eminent engineer, mathematician, and scientist!Philosophy of Science: Two Traditions 2) Archimedes1) Aristotle• philosophy mostimportant• mathematics secondary• “laws” of naturebased on commonsense and intuition• unlimited scope• truth by arguing itsplausibility• search for causes• physics mostimportant• mathematics essential• laws of naturebased on simplemathematical principles• limited scope• truth by experience(carry out experiments)• Galileo strongly follows Archimedean tradition!Professor in Pisa: Laws of Free Fall 12• Galileo: If friction from air can be ignored,all objects reach ground at same instant, with thesame speed constant acceleration (“one g”)Professor in Pisa: Laws of Free Fall • Galileo’ s trick: Slow down gravity!• Experiment with inclined planes!Professor in Pisa: Laws of Free Fall • Galileo didn’t have precise clock• Idea: Use little bells!Professor in Pisa: Laws of Free Fall Galileo’s Law of Free-fallEarth’s Gravity (1 g)Professor in Pisa: Law of Inertia Gedanken Experiment (thought experiment)• Law of inertia: Bodies remain at rest or in a stateof linear uniform motion, unless acted upon by force!Law of Inertia: Implication for Astronomy moving Earth:• Motion of Earth is entirely plausible!• Aristotelian theory of motion is wrong!moving ship:Great Summary: Discorsi(Two New Sciences) • Discorsi(The Two New Sciences, 1638)• first modern scientific textbook• laws of motion (inertia, free fall)• sets out scientific methodKepler’srole in the Scientific Revolution Newton (1642-1727)- dynamics- law of gravityKepler (1571-1630)- celestial motion- 3rdLawGalileo(1564-1642)- laws of free-fall- principle of inertia“Standing on the shoulders of giants”Professor in Padua (1592-1610) • Professor of mathematics (much better paid)• Padua: one of most prestigious and oldest universities in EuropePadua and Venice (1592-1610) • Padua: part of great freeRebublic of Venice• Galileo’s Golden TimePadua and Venice: Personal Life • Longterm relationshipwith Marina Gamba (Venice)• 3 daughters, 1 son• “Galileo’s Daughther”:Sister Maria CelesteThe Invention of the Telescope (1609) Hans Lippershey• Telescope was invented in the NetherlandsInvention of the Telescope: Basic Idea • Combine two curved lenses (convex or concave)!Galilean Design (convex + concave)Keplerian Design (convex + convex)Galileo’s Discoveries with the Telescope • Galileo constructs his own telescope!Galileo’s Discoveries with the Telescope • Galileo the Great Propagandist!Galileo and the Telescope: The Moon • Mountains and valleys! Not a perfect, smooth surface! • Aristotle is wrong!Galileo and the Telescope: Sunspots • Blemishes on the Sun! Not a perfect, smooth surface! • Aristotle is wrong!Galileo and the Telescope: Moons of Jupiter • Fours satellites (moons) around another planet! • Earth’s Moon not an anomaly anymore!4 Galilean (Medicean) moonsGalileo and the Telescope: Moons of Jupiter • Miniature model of the Solar System! • Crucial support for Copernican model:- new satellites definitively don’t orbit Earth!- remove anomaly of Earth’s MoonGalileo and the Telescope: Phases of Venus • Galileo sees full cycle of phases! • One of the most important discoveries of astronomy!• Why???Galileo and the Telescope: Phases of Venus • Definitive proof for Copernican model of Solar System!• But (to be honest): Tycho’s model can explain it, too!Galileo and the Telescope: Phases of Venus • Galileo the Great Salesman (he creates suspense)! • Delayed release of his discoveries: Attempt to securehis priority!A riddle for Kepler:“Haec immatura a me jam frustra legunturO y”“Cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum”(Venus emulates the phases of the Moon)Galileo and the Telescope: Nature of Milky Way • With telescope: Many more stars become visible! • Stars appear as points • Thus, Tycho’s argument against Copernican model not valid (stars can be very far away!)Sidereus Nuncius(The Starry Messenger) • Sidereus Nuncius(Starry Messenger, 1610)• describes new astronomicaldiscoveries made withtelescope• Galileo makes sure that hisfame would spread• Earns him long-desiredappointment in FlorenceGalileo and the Medici • Cosimo II, Grand Dukeof Tuscany• Galileo appointedCourt Mathematician• No more teaching,generous salaryGalileo’s Return to Florence (1610-42) • After leaving Padua/Venice, he slowly gets intocrosshairs of Roman Inquisition trial of 1633Galileo (part 1)• Galileo Galilei: - founder of modern physics- laws of free fall and inertia- established scientific method based on exeriments• Starry Messenger (Telescopic Discoveries)- Phases of Venus: Proves Copernican model- Sunspots and mountains on the Moon:celestial objects are not perfect and immutable- Moons of Jupiter• Return to Florence - confrontation with Catholic Church begins to


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UT AST 350L - Lecture 10- Galileo I

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