2/16/14!1!Diversity of Wisconsin Rosids!. . . violets, willows, spurges . . .!Violaceae - violet family!A tropical to temperate family of 800 species in about 20 genera. They comprise herbs (ours) to vines and trees. Over 200 are violets (Viola). Wisconsin has around 28 species of Viola and 1 member of Hybanthus.!Viola affinis - sand violet!Viola tricolor - pansy, jonny-jump-up!Violaceae - violet family!Hybanthus concolor - green violet!Special concern, almost extripated!Violaceae - violet family!Violets herbaceous – basal or stemmed leaved!Leaves often heart shaped and palmately veined or lobed, and sometimes palmately compound. !Stipules are well developed.!!2/16/14!2!Violaceae - violet family!CA 5 COZ 5 A 5 G (3)!• Flowers insect pollinated, with nectar guides, and strongly zygomorphic!• Perianth 5 merous!• Lower petal spurred, 2 lower stamens have spurs going back into the petal spur!• 5 stamens form extensions of connective around style!• Pistil 3 carpellate with parietal placentation!Violaceae - violet family!Pistil forms 3 parting capsule in chasmogamous flowers (open flowers) from out-crossing!Cleistogamous, or closed flowers, form small capsules via self-pollination (note the parietal placentation in upper capsule)!Violaceae - violet family!V. pedata!Bird’s-foot violet!V. pedatifida!Prairie violet!early spring, open area violets!Violaceae - violet family!V. pubescens - downy yellow violet!A stemmed yellow violet!V. canadensis - Canada white violet!A stemmed white violet!early spring, woodland violets!2/16/14!3!Violaceae - violet family!V. sororia - dooryard violet!Wisconsin state flower! !!One of many stemless purple violets — these often hybridize making them particularly difficult to key out!V. macloskeyi !Wild white violet!A small white flowered violet!Hypericaceae - St. John’s-wort family!A small family of temperate herbs or small shrubs of 9 genera and 560 species ( = Clusiaceae or Guttiferae). In Wisconsin we have 2 genera (Hypericum and Triadenum) and 14 species. Some are invasive.!Hypericum punctatum - St. John’s-wort!All of our species are opposite leaved!!Many of the species have leaves that are punctate - with quite visible clear to black dots, these sometimes seen on petals as well!!!Hypericaceae - St. John’s-wort family!Hypericum perforatum - Klamath weed [ecologically invasive]!Note the perforations along edge of yellow petals!CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)!Flowers yellow (Hypericum) or pink (Triadenum)!!Stamens many, often grouped at base!Hypericaceae - St. John’s-wort family!Pistil made up of 3 to 5 fused carpels with axile or parietal placentation!!Fruit a capsule!Hypericum pyrimidatum !great St. John’s wort!CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)!2/16/14!4!Hypericaceae - St. John’s-wort family!Triadenum virginicum !marsh St. John’s wort!Wetland species with pinkish petals and fewer stamens!Salicaceae - willow family!A woody family of about 55 genera and over 1000 species – most willows. In Wisconsin we have 2 genera (Populus, Salix) and 6 species. All have simple, alternate leaves.!Populus deltoides - American cottonwood!Salicaceae - willow family!Salix babylonica - weeping willow! Salix fragilis - crack willow!A woody family of about 55 genera and over 1000 species – most willows. In Wisconsin we have 2 genera (Populus, Salix) and 6 species. All have simple, alternate leaves.!Salicaceae - willow family!Populus deltoides!American cottonwood!Populus - poplars, cottonwood, aspens!Trees dioecious = male and female trees, sometimes clonal!Male and female flowers reduced and in catkins or aments - wind pollinated!!!Male flowers are reduced to essentially stamens!!Female flowers reduced to only a 2-3 carpellate pistil, with large feathery styles!male!female!2/16/14!5!Salicaceae - willow family!The flowers possess a disk, which is probably reduced sepals!!Each flower is subtended by a bract = modified leaf!Fruit is a capsule which release the seeds with a coma attached (cottony hairs; how cottonwood gets its name) !!Wind dispersed seeds as well!!Salicaceae - willow family!P. grandidentata!bigtooth aspen!P. tremuloides!trrembling aspen!These aspens are clonal from root sprouts, fast growing, light wooded, and important for pulp in the paper industry!!Bark is light grey; leaves have flattened petioles!Salicaceae - willow family!Populus balsamifera!Balsam poplar, balm-of-gilead!Populus alba!White poplar!Introduced from Europe!Salicaceae - willow family!Salix - willows!male!female!Dioecious as in Populus!!But, both wind and insect pollinated!!2/16/14!6!Salicaceae - willow family!male!female!Unlike Populus, the willow flowers have no disk, but instead a gland for nectar production and insect pollination in addition to wind pollination!!Like Populus, the willow flowers have bracts; and the fruit is a capsule with cottony seeds!Salicaceae - willow family!Salix - willows!Many species are “precocious” - flower before leaves flush in spring!Salix discolor - pussy willow!Salicaceae - willow family!Salix pedicellaris - bog willow!Salix humilis - prairie willow Note capsule and cottony seeds!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!A large cosmopolitan family of trees, shrubs, and herbs!!Latex bearing and filled with nasty chemicals (source of rubber, castor oil, tapioca, poinsettia).!Ricinus - castor oil bean!Leaves alternate, simple (often palmately lobed) or palmately compound.!Family has unisexual flowers, 5 sepals, no petals, numerous stamens, 3 fused carpels, and capsules!CA 5 CO 0 A ∞ G 0!CA 5 CO 0 A 0 G (3)!2/16/14!7!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!Acalypha rhomboidea – copper leaf, mercury!(native)!A Wisconsin example of this typical type of male and female unisexual flower arrangement!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!Croton glandulosus – sand croton!(naturalized)!A Wisconsin example of this typical type of male and female unisexual flower arrangement!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!A quite different arrangement of unisexual flowers is seen in many of our spurges of the genera Euphorbia and Chamaesyce. !Flower or inflorescence?!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!The “flower” of our flowering spurge is actually a highly modified inflorescence = cyathium!Euphorbia corollata - flowering spurge!(native)!Shown here are 3 cyathia; the whole unit here is one cyathium!2/16/14!8!Euphorbiaceae - spurge family!Cyathium is composed of:!glands!appendages of glands!many 1-stamened male flowers (no perianth) !one 3-carpellate female