Friday, August 29Key Questions in the Writing ProcessSome goals are more powerful than othersRhetorical goals are statements about what to say and why to say itStrategies are specific ways to accomplish rhetorical goalsRhetorical Goals for the Introduction Section of Research PapersRhetorical Goals and Strategies in Scientific WritingSkeleton Outline of a Goal-based Plan for a Research PaperWhy develop a goal-based plan?How to Develop a Goal-based PlanA Checklist for Evaluating Goal-based PlansFriday, August 29• Introduce Process Activity 1: Developing a Goal-based PlanIPHY 3700 Writing Process MapKey Questions in the Writing ProcessWhat should you talk about in your paper?What should you avoid talking about?When you're reading published scientific articles, how do you know what's relevant—that is, what to adopt and adapt for your paper?How do you develop ideas that go beyond just summarizing what you've read? And how do you build strong evidence and reasoning for original, convincing arguments?What are the best ways to organize the ideas that are in your mind, notes, and outlines?How can you avoid going off on tangents when you're drafting? When you read your first drafts during stages of revision, how can you tell whether the content—that is, the information, ideas, and arguments—is strong or weak?Some goals are more powerful than othersGoals for a job application letter Just-Okay Goalsrhetorical GoalsTo impress the employerTo make the letter look sharpTo use good grammarTo present my unique qualifications for the job, so that the employer views me as sufficiently prepared To convince the employer that I'm motivated for this sort of workTo demonstrate my knowledge about the company that's offering the job, so that the employer sees my resourcefulnessRhetorical goals are statements about what to say and why to say itRhetorical goal: To demonstrate my knowledge about the company that's offering the job, so that the employer sees my resourcefulnessWhat to say (content-generating): my preliminary knowledge about the company that's offering the jobWhy to say it (audience-affecting): so that the employer sees my resourcefulnessStrategies are specific ways to accomplish rhetorical goalsRhetorical Goal: To present my unique qualifications for the job, so that the employer views me as sufficiently prepared Strategies1. Present my qualifications based on my educational background. Emphasize the wide range of sport science courses that I've taken: sport psychology, exercise physiology, and biomechanics. Give examples of how my "generalist" scientific background will benefit the athletes with whom I work. 2. Present details about my previous coaching experience as a graduate assistant. Talk about my specific responsibilities in designing and implementing training programs for college runners. Emphasize the recruiting skills that I learned. 3. Present my philosophy of training distance runners. Explain how I apply principles of progression to gradually increase training loads. Explain my emphasis on developing strength and good technique to avoid injury.Rhetorical Goals for the Introduction Section of Research Papers1. Convince readers that your research issue is important to science and society.2. Present the research issue that motivated your study, so that readers understand why you're raising your specific research question.3. State your hypothesis and explain its rationale and support, to convince readers that your study is built on a sound conceptual foundation.4. State your study's specific aims (or purposes), to give readers a foundation for understanding your methods and results.Sample Introduction Section: Dunn et al. (2002)Rhetorical Goals and Strategies in Scientific WritingAn example of one goal and a set of strategies for the body of a position paper on massage therapy for prematurely born infantsRhetorical Goal: To convince readers to accept my claim, by presenting supporting evidence from published research.Strategy 1: Present data from studies showing that preterm infants who received massage therapy gained weight more quickly than infants treated with conventional drug therapies; explain the health risks associated with low birth weight and the positive health outcomes for preterm infants who gain weight rapidly.Strategy 2: Present data from studies showing that preterm infants who received massage therapy reached developmental milestones for motor skills, like walking, faster than infants treated with conventional drug therapies.Strategy 3: Present data from studies showing the cost-benefit to hospitals with massage therapists on staff compared to hospitals that use conventional treatment methods.Skeleton Outline of a Goal-based Plan for a Research PaperSECTION: IntroductionRhetorical goal 1 Strategy 1.1 Strategy 1.2 . . Strategy 1.XRhetorical goal 2 Strategy 2.1 Strategy 2.2 . . Strategy 2.XRhetorical goal X Strategy X.1 Strategy X.2 . . Strategy X.XSECTION: MethodsRhetorical goal 1AND SO ON for the other sections of the paper!Why develop a goal-based plan?To align your paper's content with the conventions and criteria for effective content in scientific writingTo avoid "going a long way out of your way to come back a short distance correctly" To organize and optimize your thinking—that is, how you store and retrieve informationTo avoid being overwhelmed by EVERYTHING you might talk about in a scientific paper To gain the cognitive leverage that comes with abstract thinking, or "helicopter thinking“To produce goal-directed rather than topic-based writingTo stay focused on appropriate content as you're drafting To guide ALL processes in planning, drafting, and revising contentHow to Develop a Goal-based PlanUse your writing experience, topic knowledge, and common sense.Adopt and adapt scientific discourse conventions.Use model papers (like the one by Moreau et al., 2003)Use your task and audience analyses.Use the helicopter thinking method.Start drafting!A Checklist for Evaluating Goal-based PlansCheck for whether your rhetorical goals are appropriate for the paper's sections in which you've placed themCheck for whether the plan for each rhetorical goal progresses from the general to the specificCheck your rhetorical goals for their content-generating potentialCheck your rhetorical goals for their audience-affecting potentialCheck your strategies for their depth and detailCheck your