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Berkeley ENVECON C101 - Water and Development: The Importance of Irrigation in Developing Countries

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Water and Development: The Importance of Irrigation in Developing CountriesThe Importance of WaterMany Do Not Have Access to WaterHeterogeneity of WaterPowerPoint PresentationSlide 6Different Uses of WaterAgricultural Values of Water VaryOverview of IrrigationBenefits of IrrigationProductivity of IrrigationWater Productivity in AgricultureSlide 13Water as Complements to Other FactorsCapital Costs of Irrigation Projects Vary SignificantlyOther Costs of Irrigation ProjectsWaterlogging and SalinitySlide 18Social ConcernsLessons of Water Resource ManagementSlide 21Ground Water Use BenefitsOveruse of Ground water ResourcesImproved Ground Water ManagementWater ProjectsWater Variability and Projects in the TropicsCosts of Variability Are Reduced Through Storage and TradingVirtual WaterWater Rights and Water MarketsTransition from Queuing to MarketsScarcity, Government Power, Preferences, and the Emergence of Water InstitutionsThe Tricky TransitionsTransitions Are Not AlikeExample: California’s Trading During the DroughtLessons from California’s Response to the 1988-1992 Drought-IIDesign Issues of Water TradingWater Trading Issues-IISimulation DetailsSlide 39Summary of ResultsSlide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Water Quality: Point and Nonpoint PollutionManagement of Nonpoint SourcesWater Governance InstitutionsActions to Improve Efficiency of IrrigationUse of Non-Traditional Water SourcesSlide 50Improved Water Pricing SystemsInefficiencies in Micro-Level Water ManagementConclusionsReferencesWater and Development: The Importance of Irrigation in Developing CountriesKarina Schoengold and David ZilbermanThe Importance of Water•80% of the human body is made up of water.•Water is a crucial element of our food and environment. •75% of the earth’s surface is made up of water.•Only 3% is fresh water. •Only 1% of the water is suitable for human consumption.•Much of this water contains chemicals that make it unsuitable for human consumption.•We distinguish between quality of water and quantity of problems. •On average, we have sufficient water to meet human needs. The problem is water distribution.Many Do Not Have Access to Water Percent of total population Absolute number without access to water of people withoutRegion in 1994 access to water (in millions) Africa 54 381Latin Americaand the Caribbean 20 97Asia & the Pacific 20 627Western Asia 12 10Total 26 1,115Heterogeneity of Water •There are differences in water availability within regions. In Brazil, Mexico, California, Hawaii, and Russia, there are flood regions and deserts.•Differences in water availability over time matter. During the same year you may have periods of flooding and shortages.•Differences in water quality are crucial. Consumption, farming of various crops, and production require water above the appropriate minimum quality.•Value and use of water are dependent on: –Location–Time–QualityCalifornia Leading CropsCommodity 1988 ValueHarvested AcreageShare ofUS ProductionWaterApplicationRateValue fromWaterApplied($000) (000 acres) (percent) (AF per acre) ($ per AF)Rice 197,583 420 18.5 7.8 60Hay, alfalfa, other 817,614 1,680 6.8 4.8 102Beans, dry 104,473 150 15.0 3.5 199Cotton 1,026,633 1,337 18.3 3.4 229Sugar beets 178,080 212 21.4 3.6 235Wheat 164,860 519 2.4 1.2 263Walnuts 190,962 174 100.0 2.8 396Prunes, dried 113,925 77 100.0 3.2 462Almonds, shelled 600,075 407 99.9 3.0 493Processing tomatoes 385,669 226 88.4 3.2 534Grapes, all 1,356,250 654 91.6 3.3 636Oranges, all 458,446 172 26.0 3.2 843Potatoes 143,673 47 4.8 3.6 851Pistachios 104,340 44 100.0 2.8 853Broccoli 265,954 101 90.9 2.8 940Avocados 205,200 75 86.1 2.8 980Peaches, all 177,880 54 58.7 3.2 1,023Cauliflower 161,514 48 79.2 2.8 1,202Lemons 171,436 49 82.3 2.8 1,252Lettuce 632,424 160 73.0 2.6 1,517Fresh tomatoes 264,075 38 25.0 4.0 1,761Carrots 247,366 51 65.1 2.6 1,874Apples 117,750 23 6.9 2.5 2,048Strawberries 388,998 18 73.9 2.9 7,621TOTAL 9,457,649 7,7450%20%40%60%80%100%120%0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%45° lineCumulative Water Use Cumulative ValueDifferent Uses of Water •Consumptive usage is diversion + consumption of water through:–Transforming it into water vapor (where it is “lost” in the atmosphere), –Letting it seep into the ground –Significantly degrading its quality. Examples:•Residential•Industrial•Agricultural•Forestry•Non-consumptive usage. Does not reduce water supply and, frequently, does not degrade water quality. Examples: –Fisheries use water as a medium for growing fish.–Hydroelectric users extract energy from the water.–Some recreation uses water as a medium (example: swimming) and/or extracting energy from the water (examples: white-water rafting, surfing)–Transportation is an especially important use of water in the tropics.Agricultural Values of Water Vary•Agricultural value of water r varies between crops and locations. A relatively small fraction of the water (20%) generates much of the value (more than 70%). •Crops such as flowers and strawberries can pay more than $500/AF of water, cotton can afford paying $40-$100/AF, and pasture $30/AF and less.•Values of water vary by location and land quality and are determined by market conditions.•Industries and residential users can afford to pay much more than agricultural field crops. Their demand is relatively small (33%) but is continually growing.Overview of Irrigation•Irrigated land has increased from 50 mha (million hectares) in 1900 to 267 mha today. •Between 1962 and 1996, the irrigated area in developing countries increased at 2% annually.•Irrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demands of a doubling world population since WWII.•Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital, environmental degradation, and human health.•Design and management of water resources have been flawed. There is a growing perception of water supply crisis, but what we have is a water management crisis. •As the population is likely to grow (double) again, we need to reform water institutions and policies.•This presentation first assesses the water situation and then introduces directions for reform.Benefits of Irrigation•Irrigation increases crop yield. The 17% of irrigated land produces 40% of the global food.•The value of production of irrigated cropland is about $625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fed cropland and


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Berkeley ENVECON C101 - Water and Development: The Importance of Irrigation in Developing Countries

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