WFSC 335 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Chapter 1:- 95% of known species are invertebrates- Whittaker proposed 5 kingdom systemo Monera – blue algae; no double strands of DNAo Fungi o Protista – protozoans; single celledo Plantso Animals – Metazoa- Marine environmento 71% earth’s surfaceo Amount of light is based on turbidityo Zones: Epipelagic – 200 meters Mesopelagic – 1000 meters Bathypelagic – 4000 meteres Abyssopelagic - Freshwater environmento Lentic or lotic systemso Zones Littoral Limnetic Trophogonic Sublittoral Tropholytic Profundal  Benthico Thermal stratification Epilimnion warm Thermocline Hypolimnion cold- Terrestrial environmentso Moisture is limiting factor (dehydration)o Biogeographic regions Boreal Paleotropical Neotropical South African Australian Antarctico Zoogeographic regions (combine Palearctic to Neoarctic Holarctic) Palearctic Ethiopian Oriental Australian Neoarctic Neotropical- Symbiosis – heterospecific relationship, generally composed of 3 forms: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism o Commensalism – “eating at the same table”; one partner gains some benefit while the other is not benefitted or harmedo Mutualism – both equally benefito Parasitism – one benefits and the other is harmed during the processChapter 2: Symmetry, Embryology, and Phylogeny - Phylogeny – study of history of the lines of evolution in a group of organisms- Phylum – study of the history of evolutionary lines in a group of organisms- Phylogenetic tree – representation of the interrelationships and assumed evolutionary history of a group of organisms- Symmetry – having balanced proportions; used to evaluate ancestral position of animalso Asymmetry – without symmetry; some Porifera and amoeboid Protozoanso Spherical – configuration somewhat like a sphere, two halves will be identical; some planktonic Protozoa (marine and freshwater) o Radial – cylindrical and subspherical; many organisms withradial symmetry are sessile and diameter of top is rarelythe same as diameter of bottom; others are activeswimmers Orgnanisms in this taxanomic rank usually have few orno organso Biradial – basically bilateral symmetry on top of radialsymmetry ; some ctenophores and sea anemones(cnidaria) o Bilateral – has definite anterior and posterior region; iforganism is divided into 2 equal parts they will be mirror images  Organisms in this rank have internal organs and will have a fluid filled cavity b/w body wall and internal organs (coelom)- Cleavage Patterns and Development Egg Typeso Homolecithal or isolecithal – where ovum contains evenly distributed yolk (mollusks) o Telolecithal – have yolk eccentrically located (Cephalopods and some arthropods)o Centrolecithal – eggs have yolk centrally distributed (insects and some crustaceans)o 3 types of cleavage types inmetazoans Holoblastic – entireembryological massdivides including theyolk; characteristic ofhomolecithal eggs;blastomeres are equal in size and evenly distributed forming embryonic cavity (blastocoel) - Most common type seen in invertebrates Meroblastic cleavage – yolk cells do not divide so the cleavage is unequal;seen in telolecithal and centrolecithal eggs Superficial cleavage – equal cleavagewhere yolk materials are surrounded;seen in centrolecithal eggs- Determinate Cleavage – characteristic of groups ofinvertebrates in Protostome- Indeterminate cleavage – echinodermata,Hermichordata; embryonic fate of blastomeres isn’tdetermine until late into development of embryo;organisms placed in Dueterostomes - Gastrulation – cleavage period ends with the formation ofblastula and continues developmental process byspecial morphogenetic movements called gastrulationo Initiates formation of germ layers o Results in 2 germ layersectoderm and endoderm o Blastopore may be embryonic mouth Sometimes retained as adult mouth, other times it is closed off and a secondary mouth is formed Protostomata (Protostome) retain blastopore as mouth Dueterostoma – mouth does not arise- Mesoderm – cells, cell layers, or cell masses that occur in embryo between ectoderm and endoderm; is 3 germ layer; cells organized into tissues and organs lining of body cavity- Ectoderm – epidermis and associated structures - Endoderm – lining of digestive tract- Blastocoel – primary body cavityBody Cavity Types- Acoelomate – body cavity fills up with mesoderm in form of muscle fibers (parenchyma);digestive cavity remains- Psuedocoelomate – false coelom; mesoderm separates from endoderm and connects tobody wall as longitudinal muscles and connective tissue- Coelomate – secondary body cavity; located in the endomesoderm o Schizocoel – coelom develops as a split in the mesoderm Chapter 3: Protozoa (Protista) - Unicellular – single celled organisms that can perform same functions as multicellular organisms but without having specialized tissues and organs- Protoplasm – bulk of the protozoan that includes cytoplasm where catabolism occurs and nucleus where anabolism occurs- Cytoplasm – cellodial region found between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane- Eukaryotic:o Autotrophic – photosynthetico Holotrophic – ingesting other organismso Saprotrophic – absorbing nutrientso Mixotrophic- Reproduction can be sexual (gametic) or asexual (agametic)- Theca – additional nonliving outer covering - Nuclei types:o Vesicular – endosome presento Compact- Locomotion types o Pseudopodia (amoeba)o Flagella (flagellates)o Cilia (ciliates)- Phylum Sarcomastigophorao Flagellated and amoeboido Vesicular nucleus o Syngamyo Subphylum Mastigophera  Flagella but some have pseudopodia  Solitary and colonial Binary fissiono Phytoflagellates Order Euglenida- Unicellular - Flagellated - Asexual- Mostly photosynthetic  Order Chrysomonadida - “Golden plants” – high concentrations of carotene- Diatoms – lack flagella except during reproduction Order Volvocida - Many are colonial- Mostly freshwater- Sexual and asexual Order Dinoflagellida- “fire plants” – red tide- 2 flagella- Generally enclosed in thick pellicle- Autotrophic and heterotrophico Zooflagellates Order Choanoflagellida- Marine and freshwater- Single flagellum- Some are sessile -