History of OceanographyHistory of Oceanography• Oceanography vs. other sciences• Historical Periods– Prehistoric peoples– Discovery and Navigation– Challenger Expedition– Post World War II• History of Photosynthesis• Evolutions/RevolutionsEvolution of Scientific DisciplinesEvolution of Scientific Disciplines• Observation• Hypothesis Testing• Manipulation• Control• The Mediterranean (Thalassa) was surrounded byland, and in turn surrounded by a “continuous river”• The earth was still flatHomer’s View of the World (~900 BC)• Ptolemy developed a “conic” projection (latitude andlongitude are accounted for), so the earth is round.• North is on top, East is on Right, but thecircumference is only 29,000 km!Ptolemy’s Atlas (~150 A.D.)HMS Beagle (1831-1836)Scientific Hypotheses (post-Beagle)Scientific Hypotheses (post-Beagle)• Edward Forbes: The “azoic hypothesis”• Ross Brothers: deep-sea life at thepoles, and the “emergence hypothesis”• Darwin: Natural Selection and Evolution• 1857: T.H. Huxley describes “Bathybiushaeckllii ”1872-1876: TheChallenger ExpeditionAt each station:- depth, bottom water temperature, andmeteorological information was recorded- Bottom sample was collected, as well as asample of bottom water- direction and rate of surface currents wasdeterminedAt many stations:- vertical profiles of chemistry, temperature,and currents were determined- bottom flora, fauna were collected- nets were used to sample intermediatedepthsTechnology and OceanographyTechnology and OceanographyScripps Institute ofOceanography established,1903-1910 (originally aNaturalist society)1925 Meteor Expedition, firstship to map the ocean withsonar1930: William Beebe1930: William BeebeThe Journey to the DepthsPre-World War II• Biological Oceanography as a tool forFisheries– 1887: Victor Hensen publication– 1941: Riley’s model• Discovery and Exploration– New species, new habitats– The Aquanauts– Search for the Giant SquidPost World War II• Global Productivity– Steeman-Nielsen introduces C-14– Global Ocean Color– Biogeochemical ProvincesPost World War II• Discovery of Hydrothermal Vents– Deep sea diversityPost World War II• The Microbial Food Web– New organisms– New versus Regeneratedproductivity– EcogenomicsPost World War II• The Iron HypothesisPost World War II• ModelingHistory of Photosynthesis• Geological– Oxygenic photosynthesis began about 2.5 billionyears ago (bya)– Radically changed the planet and life• Evolutionary– 1974--Lynn Margulis– Specialization of PSI, PSII, other forms• Scientific– 1700’s, Joseph Priestly “discovers” photosynthesis– 1942, Melvin Calvin defines pathways– 2000, rediscovery of the environmentThe Role of EndosymbiosisHistory of Photosynthesis• Geological– Oxygenic photosynthesis began about 2.5 billionyears ago (bya)– Radically changed the planet and life• Evolutionary– 1974--Lynn Margulis– Specialization of PSI, PSII, other forms• Scientific– 1700’s, Joseph Priestly “discovers” photosynthsis– 1942, Melvin Calvin defines pathways– 2000, rediscovery of the
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