Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC1The Great Plains II:The Plains Woodland andPlains Village TraditionsLecture 19North American ArchaeologySpring 2009UCSC Middle Missouri,Northeastern, Central,and Southern Plains Mix of bison hunting, moregeneralized foraging, andfarming Greater population density More sedentary Strong influences fromEast Pottery, burial mounds,farming Trade and interaction w/bison-hunting neighborsPlains Woodland 250 BC-AD 950 Small sites Broad based foragers Seasonal scheduling Limited horticulture Squash, marsh elder Some bison hunting--varied by time andlocation Local variability--distinctcultures Pottery (zoned,cordmarked, conical) Mound burialsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC2Example 1: Kansas City Hopewell AD 1-500 Small sites (2-3 houses) Numerous storage pits Zoned and check-stamped pottery Stone chamberedconical mounds--cremated remains Part of HopewellInteraction Sphere Imitation bear teeth, nativecopper, obsidianKansas Ci tyHopewellExample 2:Sonota Culture Eastern Dakotas, So.Manitoba 500 BC-AD 1000 Stanton Mound Group, ND Linear and conicalmounds and earthworks Some effigy mounds andcut into sod Log-covered sub-moundpits; burials assoc. w/bison skulls or carcassesPlains Village Tradition AD 900-1890 Large, sedentary settlements w/ multi-family lodges onterraces above permanent streamsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC3 Mixed subsistencestrategy Maize, beans,squash, sunflowerhorticulture (coldresistant strains) Bison scapula hoes,tibia digging stick tips Foraging Bison hunting moreimportant Stone tools related tomore efficient huntingand processing Larger, more permanent villages Sometimes fortified Multi-family lodgesAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC4 Increased size andnumber of storagepits Variety of local pottery forms Increasing evidence of trans-continental tradeAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC5Protohistoric Period AD 1680-1890 Introduction of horses More mobility Easier transport Less cooperative--more competitivehunting strategies(Bamforth) Bison hunted ascommodity for trade Meat, fat, hides Change in role andstatus of women Less farming Needed to process hides Raiding for women Polygamy Not self sufficient--bison hunters dependent onfarmers and later white traders for food Intro of gun increased warfare--both internal and w/US governmentAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyJudith A. Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC6 Disease andpopulation decline Impacted villagefarmers the mostEnd of Traditional Plains Lifeways,ca. 1890 Military defeat ofnomadic tribes Willful destruction ofbison herds by USgovernment Forced removal