Things you should know by now: Cell ComponentsA) Structure (workshop and book diagrams)B) Function (Table 7.1 in your book)This week we will cover:Monday – CarbohydratesTuesday workshop – Proteins Part IWednesday – Proteins Part IIThings you should know by the end of the week:A) General structure and function of carbohydratesB) Names and one letter abbreviation of all 20 amino acidsC) General knowledge about amino acids (hydrophobicity, polar, non-polar, charged side chains etc…)D) How to draw a peptide bondE) Protein structureF) How enzymes workProkaryote FlagellaMovement Generated by CW or CCW turningEnergy is proton motive forceEukaryote Flagella/ciliaMovement is by the flagella/cilia moving up and downEnergy is ATPBiomoleculesMolecular composition of an average cell % of total dry weight55% Protein20.5% RNA3.1% DNA9% lipids8.5% polysaccharides96.1% dry weight of cellSugar Monomers = MonosaccharidesVariation occurs due to: 1. Number of carbons2. Location of carbonyl group3. Placement of hydroxyl groups.4. Ring formation (leads to chirality)Sugars Exist in Linear and Ring FormsHands are chiral.Two mirror images of a molecule that cannot be superimposed onto each other are referred to as enantiomers or optical isomers.Alanine is chiral–these two forms cannotbe superimposedGlycine is not chiral–these two forms canbe superimposedWhat is a chiral biomolecule?To find a chiral compound: a) write out the structural formula, and b) look for a carbon surrounded by four different groups. 1-butanol is not chiral 2-butanol is chiralPolysaccaridesAre formed by condensation (dehydration) reactions of monosaccaridesand are broken down by hydrolysis (adding water back)This is true of other polymers of biomolecules as well!The way the chains form dictates function.Example: Same monomers (glucose) connected in different ways.1) Glycogen: another branched chain molecule used to store glucose in animals.2) Starch - Amylopectin: a branched chain, also used to store glucose in plants.3) Starch - Amylose: a non-branching straight chain of glucose - used to store glucose in plants.GlucoseStarchBroken down by phosphorylasesBroken down by amylasesDisaccharides you might know differ by monomers and linkages:Lactase cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose Lactose has a ß 1-4 glycosidic linkageIn general, ß1,4 linkages are not easily broken down. Cellulose is an example. It serves as dietary fiber.Questions/Problems for Review 1. What are the main functions of carbohydrates?2. Draw an aldose and a ketose of C5H10O53. Draw a hydroxyl and carbonyl functional group.4. What kind of reaction occurs during polymerization of monomers?5. Describe how sunlight energy is transferred to chemical energy. In your cells this energy is contained in which molecules?6. Name three polysaccharides and describe their
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