Biology 20 Lecture Outline Cytology Page 1 of 4 Biology 20 CYTOLOGY CYTOLOGY = Review of the Cell Theory: a) Cells are: b)Cells arise from: -Asexual => -Sexual => c) Cells are surrounded: d) Cells can: e) Cells have: 2 types of cells: prokaryotic: the most abundant single-celled organism (Figs. 3.4, 3.6 & 3.7) nucleoid 2 groups: eukaryotic (Figs. 3.9 & 3.10): 4 groups CELLULAR EVOLUTION: (pp. 57) a) Autogeneous Model: b) Endosymbiotic Model (Fig. 3.19): COMPONENTS OF THE CELL: Cell or Plasma membrane: (p. 62, Fig. 4.3) Components of plasma membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model - 1972 Singer & Nicholson Fluid portion: - bilayer exists in a liquid phase 1. Phospholipids (Figs. 4.2 & 4.3): composed of: hydrophilic head: hydrophobic tails: Amphipathic:Biology 20 Lecture Outline Cytology Page 2 of 4 2. Cholesterol (Fig. 4.3): Mosaic (Fig. 4.3): 3. Proteins = 2 types that differ in structure & function (2 arrangements) integral proteins: peripheral proteins: Membrane protein functions (p. 62; fig. 5.13) 1. Transport proteins (Fig. 5.13C): uniport: symport: antiport: 2. Ion channels (Fig. 5.13C) 3. Enzymes (Fig. 5.13A): 4. Receptor site (Fig 5.13B): 5. Cytoskeleton attachment: 6. Cell adhesion (p. 66; Fig. 4.19): tight junctions: desmosomes: gap junctions:ls 4. Carbohydrates: (p. 80; Fig. 5.12) glycoproteins: glycolipids: Crucial functions: Membrane permeability: Size: charge: lipid solubility: carrier proteins: Membrane transport: (pp. 82 - 85; Figs. 5.15 - 5.19) simple diffusion: (Fig. 4.4 & 4.9) facilitated diffusion (Fig. 4.9):Biology 20 Lecture Outline Cytology Page 3 of 4 Osmosis (Figs. 4.5 – 4.7): Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic filtration: active transport (Fig. 4.10) Large molecules (Fig. 4.12 & 4.13) Endocytosis: phagocytosis: pinocytosis: receptor mediated endocytosis: Exocytosis (Fig. 4.12): Cytoplasm: cytosol: Nucleus (Fig. 3.12) nuclear envelope: Endomembrane system: many membranes of the eukaryotic cell (Fig. 3.11) (Nuclear envelope/ER/Golgi/vesicles/lysosome and cell (plasma) membrane) Endoplasmic reticulum: interconnect network of membrane vesicles (Fig. 3.13) Rough ER: Smooth ER: Golgi complex (apparatus):Fig. 3.14) Functions:Biology 20 Lecture Outline Cytology Page 4 of 4 Lysosome (Fig. 3.15): Functions: Vacuoles (pp. 61 - 62; Figs. 4.11B & 4.13): Food vacuoles: Contractile vacuoles: Central vacuoles (mature plant cells): Peroxisomes: Mitochondria (Fig. 3.17) Function: Chloroplasts (Fig. 3.18) Function: Cytoskeleton (Fig. 4.3) Functions: - microfilament: - intermediate filament: - microtubule: Actin & myosin Disrupted cytoskeleton Cilia & flagella (Fig. 4.15 A & B) Cilium (singular) and Cilia (plural): Flagellum (singular) and Flagella