DOC PREVIEW
SJSU METR 112 - Wind Power

This preview shows page 1-2-3-21-22-23-43-44-45 out of 45 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 45 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

Wind PowerOutlineIntroductionIntroduction: Wind Power: Using Wind Turbines to Convert Kinetic Energy to Electrical EnergyWind Turbines (that work)Wind Turbines (flights of fancy)Slide Number 8Size and ApplicationsWhat is a kWh?Determining Wind Power OutputOptimization Wind Power ProductionWind Power PricingWind Power PricingWind Power across the WorldWind Power across the USU.S. Power capacity additionsWind Power Capacity by StateSlide Number 19Wind Power and CaliforniaCalifornia Wind Power MeteorologySlide Number 22Acceleration Due to Vertical CompressionGravity Wave FormationBoth Gap and Gravity WavesForecasting Wind Power: CAWind Power ModelingWind Power ModelingWind Power ModelingWind Power Modeling 11:00 AMWind Power Modeling 2:00 PMWind Power Modeling 5:00 PMWind Power Modeling 8:00 PMWind Power Modeling 11:00 PMWind Power Modeling 2:00 AM (next day)Wind Power Modeling 5:00 AM (next day)Wind Power Modeling 8:00 AM (next day)Wind Power Modeling 11:00 AM (next day)Wind Power and Climate ChangeWind Power and Climate ChangeWind Power and Climate ChangeWind Power and Climate ChangeWind Power and Climate ChangeThe Future of Wind PowerQuestions?Wind PowerKevin CliffordMETR 112April 19, 2011Outline• Introduction• Wind Turbines• Determining Wind Power Output• The Price of Wind Power• Wind Power Availability across the World and US• California Wind Power• California Wind Power Meteorology• Forecasting Wind Power• Wind Power and Climate Change• The Future of Wind PowerIntroduction• Introduction Video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp‐‐1Pf‐7zkIntroduction: • Wind Energy is actually a form of solar energy ...– The earth receives 1.74 x 1017watts of power (per hour) from the sun– About 1‐2 % of this energy is converted to wind energy – This is about 50‐100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth (photosynthesis)• Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the land WIND.Sea BreezeOnshore WindWind Power:Using Wind Turbines to Convert Kinetic Energy to Electrical EnergyWind Turbines (that work)HAWT: Horizontal Axis VAWT: Vertical AxisWind Turbines (flights of fancy)Wind Turbine DesignSize and Applications• Large Turbines (500-1500 kW)• Installed in “Windfarm” Arrays Totaling 1 - 100 MW• Central Station Wind Farms• Distributed Power• Community Wind• $1,000/kW; Designed for Low Cost of Energy• Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) Average Sites• Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)• Installed in “Rural Residential” On-Grid and Off-Grid• Homes• Farms• Remote Application• $2,500-5,000/kW; Designed for Reliability / Low Maintenance• Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) Average SitesWhat is a kWh?• Average household uses ~11,000 kWh annually• 1 wind turbine produces ~ 2750 MWh annually (but can vary greatly depending on location and turbine model)• One turbine can power 250+ homes a year!Device Wattage Hours usedkWhmedium window‐unit AC1000 watts one hour 1 kWh large window‐unit AC1500 watts one hour 1.5 kWh small window‐unit AC500 watts one hour 0.5 kWh 42" ceiling fan on low speed24 watts ten hours 0.24 kWh light bulb 100 watts 730 hours(i.e., all month) 73 kWh CFL light bulb25 watts 730 hours 18 kWhDetermining Wind Power Output• Wind kinetic energy:• Wind power: • Electrical power:– Cb .35 (<.593 “Betz limit”)• Max value of – Ng .75 generator efficiency– Nt .95 transmission efficiency221vmEairk=3221vrPairwindπρ=windtgbgeneratedPNNCP =()()()()32312411212121vvvvvvairdtdEvrP −−+==πρOptimization Wind Power Production• Site selection – Altitude, wind strength, constancy, grid access, …• Turbine selection– Design (HAWTs vs VAWTs), vendor, size, quantity,• Local topography (hills, ridges, …) – Turbulence caused by other turbines– Prevailing wind strengths, direction, variance– Ground stability (support massive turbines)• Grid upgrades: extensions, surge capacity, …• Non‐power constraints/preferences– Environmental (birds, aesthetics, power lines, …)– Cause radar clutter (e.g. near airports, air bases)World’s Largest Wind Turbine (7+Megawatts, 400+ feet tall)Wind Power Pricing0246810121990COE (¢/kWh [constant 2000 $])Low wind speed sites199520002005201020152020High windspeed sitesBulk Power Competitive Price BandWind Power Pricing• Cost of wind: $.02 – $.06/kWh• Cost of coal $.02 –$.03 (other fossils are more)• Cost of solar $.25/kWh – Photon Consulting • “may reach $.10 by 2012” Photon ConsultingWind Power across the WorldCountry Wind TWh Total TWh % WindGermany 40 585 7%USA 35 4,180 < 1%Spain 29 304 10%India 15 727 2%Denmark 9 45 20%Top Wind Power Producers (2008)Wind Power across the US• Installed Wind Power capacity has increase 10x since the mid 90sU.S. Power capacity additionsWind Power Capacity by StateWind Power and CaliforniaCalifornia Wind Power MeteorologyLate Spring –Mid Fall Synoptic ConditionsStable Marine Air Penetration(Zaremba and Carroll, 1999)Acceleration Due to Vertical CompressionTropopause(Barry et al., 1992)Coastal RangePacific Ocean Central ValleyGravity Wave Formation(Zangl, 2003)Vertical cross sections of potential temperature (solid lines, contour interval 2 K) and horizontal wind speed (shading). Simulations for (a) Fr ~ 1 and (b) Fr < 1. With increased background wind speed, maximum wind perturbation becomes localized to the mountain crest. Background flow = 10 m/s Background flow = 15 m/s1219.5Both Gap and Gravity Waves(Zangl, 2003)Horizontal cross section at a constant height of 250m for simulation (a) Fr= 1.15 and (b) Fr = 0.77. With increasing air stability, the acceleration due to vertical compression, gap flow acceleration and gravity wave formation cause high wind speeds in the exit of the mountain saddle. 15 m/s12 m/sBackground flow = 10 m/sForecasting Wind Power: CA• Majority of wind power produced in CA is within mountainous terrain• However, predicting atmospheric conditions in mountainous regions can be very difficult• This is a major issue since power produced by renewable sources cannot be used unless the power network is prepared to receive it• Still looking for new ways to increase accuracy of wind power prediction for mountain areasWind Power Modeling• WRF wind power modeling– High temporal and spatial resolution modeling


View Full Document

SJSU METR 112 - Wind Power

Download Wind Power
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Wind Power and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Wind Power 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?