ORIGINAL THEORIES DISCRIMINATION Theory Measurement Marxist Discrimination a Smoke Screen Capitalists want to divide proletariat Do so by Race Sex Ethnicity Could be anything earlobes Keeps workers at each others throats And away from their own Psychological A mistake People don t know truth about others Just have to educate them NEOCLASSICAL THEORY Basis of what we shall do What s your favorite flavor of ice cream Why Can we make you change your mind Prejudice is a taste Discrimination is indulging that taste Comes at a cost IMPACT ON MARKET How do blondes respond Offer to work for less Wage falls What do employers do Restrict choice of employees Productivity of favored workers may fall Forced to employ less productive workers Wages of favored workers driven up Supply of qualified workers artificially restricted SUPPOSE I AM PREJUDICED I don t like blondes w Employing them brings a psychic cost As if paying them more wB 1 d w0 Demand falls D feels like D wB w0 Let s act this out WHO GAINS AND WHO LOSES Blonde workers lose Fewer employed Wages lower Other workers win More employed Perhaps less qualified Wages higher Employers D D QB WHAT ABOUT EMPLOYERS Trade off profit distaste for blondes ANOTHER BENEFICIARY Non Less discriminatory employers Hire more qualified employees for less What happens as more of them enter Wage of blondes driven up Perfect competition eliminates discrimination U U B Indifference Curve higher if hire blondes Lower pay Better Workers Sacrifice profit to indulge taste for discrimination Blondes APPLICATION TO SPORTS What of 1964 Alabama football team Very good and very white But Bama started losing to integrated teams Sam Bam Cunningham of USC scores 5 TD s against them on national TV Cost became too great Sports became most integrated part of UA Bob Gibson and his black landlady Spring housing segregated in early 1960s Hated her for charging high rent Why does discrimination persist EMPLOYEE DISCRIMINATION Workers don t like to work with blondes Feel psychic cost w 1 d w0 Demand higher pay to work with blondes What would employer do Segregation vs Discrimination Dodgers protested Robinson s presence Got Al Gionfriddo partly to take next locker MONOPOLY POWER Baseball has legal cartel Policed by commissioner Teams tried to cheat Cubans Indians Bill Veeck foiled in 1943 Jackie Robinson reintegrated baseball Moses Fleetwood Walker in A A in 1880s Integrated teams tended to dominate Dodgers Giants Indians Braves Red Sox Phillies last to integrate Great Celtic teams built on integration CUSTOMER DISCRIMINATION Separates discrimination from prejudice Employer punished for tolerance George Preston Marshall NFL s Redskins Last NFL team to integrate 1962 Burgundy Gold and Caucasian Forced by U S government Facility on government land One key to intransigence Southern audience STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION Also separates from prejudice Reminiscent of psychological approach May feel that blondes less productive Why different from saying dropouts worse Flashy Frenchmen in the NHL Felt that Francophones not tough Europeans Flyers REGRESSION AND DISCRIMINATION Coefficient impact of Xi with all other X s constant Corresponds to economic definition of discrimination Holds all else equal What would X s be for NBA How to explain that blacks make more True impact of race unclear MEASURING DISCRIMINATION Motivating question How can blacks in NBA be victims when 80 of NBA black Make 20 more All else not equal How to hold all else equal Key technique Multiple regression S b0 b1X1 b2X2 bnXn e SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION Harder to measure Men Women seldom in same venue Often don t play same sport Even same sport may vary Tennis figure skating women s basketball Direct competition Jockeys auto racing Women not always victims Gymnasts and figure skaters IMPACTS OF TITLE IX TITLE IX Part of 1972 Education Amendments Mandated equal access opportunities for women in federally funded education programs 3 ways to comply Funding proportional to enrollment Show history of expansion Interests of students accommodated Few programs in compliance But NCAA certifies all Good Spurred rapid growth in women s sports Though most of growth early on Gave grounds to seek remediation TU Bad What happened to women coaches Was 80 of women s programs now 44 Women s programs lose money Can meet in many ways Cut men s programs rather than expanding women s A PROBLEM Bernie Williams Star player for Yankees What is he Hometown San Juan How to classify Ask player Ask owner Ask fans ASTONISHING KENYA More than half of top 100 5K 10K times Top 60 times in steeplechase Won every World Cross Country Championship since 1986 38 Olympic track medals since 1964 13 golds in men s races Only U S with 10X as many people has more DISCOMFORT WITH GENETICS Intelligence as subtext Demeans accomplishments Natural black v hardworking white Demeans blacks in other fields Naturally better in some areas worse in others Some get brains others brawn PUZZLING NUMBERS FROM TRACK Asians 57 of world s population Only impact in marathon Blacks 12 of world s population 95 of best 100m times of West African ancestry 8 of world s population All 32 finalists in last 4 Olympics North Africa dominates middle distance East Africa dominates distance MORE ON KENYA 75 of Kenya s runners from Kalenjin Highlands near Lake Victoria 50 of these from Nandi district 1 8 of Kenya s population 20 of winners of major distance runs Not due to better facilities Other nations also have altitude AN ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION Hoberman Darwin s Athletes Blacks once considered ill suited for athletics Analog to women Opposite stereotype of today Considered physically fragile weak willed Now see athletics the best route to success Survey More black youths optimistic about chances at athletics than in professions Only ethnic group to think so THE END