The Insect Factor inUrban Plant ProtectionBob GaraEvery where you lookThere are fungiall around us, some 100,000 species in fact.Bob will soon tell you that there are a lot of fungi in the world.There are a There are a MILLIONMILLIONspecies of insects!species of insects!Yea, and 500,000 ofthose species arebeetles.ButSeveral times I’ve visited southern Chile, and collected insects:• find undescribed species• new genus• even new familiesThere may be well over 5 - 10 million insect speciesBy sheer numbers alone, insectsbecome important to us: especiallyin urban horticulture1. Destroy seeds beforethey are collected2. Destroy seeds when stored &when planted in nurseries3. Urban plants are defoliated and become ugly4. Mature trees and plants arekilled by barkbeetles, aphids etc.5. Wooden products are destroyedby termites, carpenter ants andpowderpost beetlesBOB GARASpeakingof leversGive me a lever longenough and I can liftthe world.1. Jointed appendages, 2. 1. Jointed appendages, 2. BilateralBilateral--symmetry, 3. Body symmetry, 3. Body composed of rings, composed of rings, 4. Exoskeleton, & 5. Dorsal 4. Exoskeleton, & 5. Dorsal heart and ventral nervous heart and ventral nervous systemsystemDon’t forget:There are about 20 classes of arthropods & the best way to getan overview is to look at theirevolutionary history (phylogeny).R.E. SnodgrassR.E. SnodgrassSnodgrass developed a theory onthe evolution of the arthropods bystudying the movement of ancestralappendages in embryos of theArthropodaAnnelidOnychophoraTrilobiteChilopodInsectaThis is what Snodgrass suggestedIf this sequential development ofappendages is correct (as seen inthe embryos), are there really membersof these stages? Is all this real?Are there onychopherans?Even fossilsAre there trilobites?In any case, position of the mouthpartsvis-à-vis the various arthropods has created this divide: Chelicerata & MandibulataNoantennaeLet’s look at some ChelicerataCheliceraPedipalp1. Horseshoecrab2. ScorpionCheliceraePedipalpsThe Economically ImportantChilicerates -- ARACHNIDASpidersMitesTicksCheliceraPedipalpFang3. Spider (Class Arachnida)Larval NymphalAdult4. Ticks (Class Arachnida)The hard ticks: ixodidaeLyme diseasebacteriaFused CheliceraePedipalpChelicerae and pedipalpsof a hard tick (Ixodidae)CheliceraePedipalpGall miteSpider mite5. Couple of mites (Class Arachnida)Blister miteSpider mitesCheliceraeCheliceraeCheliceraePedipalpMore ticks & mites: ArachnidaLet’s Talk About the Subphylum:MandibulataLet’s go back some 400 millionyears ago: Silurian PeriodEra Millionsyrs ago Periods Life formsPaleozoic 440SilurianSilurian Scorpions,millipedes,rise of fish500 Ordovician 1stvertebrates600 Cambrian 1starthropodstrilobites andsome othersPrecambrian Primitive invertebratesfloating around 1stland animals!A big breakthrough during Siluriantimes was that appendages of thearthropod began to be closely associated with the mouth -- eveninside the mouth as in MANDIBULATAEmbryo-genesis ofan insect: segmentsI-4 will go around thehead and into the mouth: hence,MANDIBULATA.Old Snodgrasswas right on.InsectaCrustaceaCentipedes MillipedesMandibulataProtoarthropodSo, during the Silurian the newland animals quickly diversifiedand evolvedLet’s mention the• Crustaceans• Centipedes• MillipedesCentipedeMillipedePoison clawClasses: Chilopoda & DiplopodaCrustaceaHi!• Have 2-antennae• Complex mouthpartsinside the mouth• CephalothoraxThe Class: InsectaInsecta• 3-body regions• 1-pair of antennae• 3-pairs of legs• Adults are wingedOf course, insects are arthropods: have exoskeletons. What are some advantages of having the skeletonon the outside?• Physical protection• Great mechanical advantage• Prevents desiccation• Led to the fact insects havecomplete metamorphosis!ArachnidaSpiders Mites TicksChelicerataMandibulataThe Chelicerata have theirmouthparts outside the mouthReviewThe Economically ImportantChelicerata – Class, ArachnidaA rhododendron miteCheliceraeIdentify the chelicerae1. The phylum Arthropoda is divided into the subphyla Chelicerata and Mandibulata. Name two organisms from each group: ________________ and __________________________. Label the mouthparts of this typical mite.Since all arthropods, including the insects, have a hardexoskeleton they have to changeit in order to grow. This processis called MOLTING.CicadamoltingThe fact that insects molt has ledthem to conquer just about everyniche on earth. Because:when insects molt, they undergoa change in form.Hmmmm, the word for “change-in-form”is METAMORPHOSIS.No MetamorphosisIncomplete MetamorphosisThis is a silver fishThis is a silverfishGradual MetamorphosisNow for the greatest inventionin the world !!Complete MetamorphosisComplete MetamorphosisEggsLava (maggot)AdultThe Pupa !Complete MetamorphosisAntennaCompound eyeMouth (mandible)OcellusThe HeadHi, I’m WaltLabiumLabial palpMaxillary palpLabrumThe MouthpartsLabiumCan’t see themandiblesLabrumMandiblesMx &Mx palpsLabium & Lb palpsI really want you to seehow the mouthparts fitAgain, the mouthpartsThe Hemiptera: includes the bugsHemipteraincludes theaphids, scales,cicadas etc.Aphids: AphididaeHave piercing-sucking mouth partsThe Hemiptera havePiercing-sucking mouthpartsPiercing-sucking mouth partsMxMxMndCross sectionThe stylets (piercing-sucking)mouthparts of HemipteraMore on aphidsMidgutForegutHindgutDigestive system of an insectFilter chamberof aphids &