Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 451 of 55Chapter 13Personality2 of 55Personality1. Trait Theories2. Psychoanalytic Theory3. Social-Cognitive Theories 4. Humanistic Theories5. Behavioral Theories3 of 55PersonalityTemperamentPersonality TraitPersonality TypePersonality: Vocabulary4 of 55Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality.•Why is it important to study personality as a part of Psychology?Personality Theories5 of 55Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behaviorPsychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and strugglesHumanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growthSocial-Cognitive Theories: Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processesBehavioral Theories: Emphasizes the importance of environmental, or situational determinants of behavior. Types of Personality Theories6 of 55Trait Theories7 of 55Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types:• Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward• Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outwardJung’s Theory of Two Types8 of 55Eysenck’s Three Factor TheoryHans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are three fundamental factors in personality:• Introversion versus Extroversion• Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic)9 of 55Raymond Cattell:•Surface Traits•Source TraitsCattell also constructed the 16PF, a personality test identifying 16 personality factors (source traits).Cattell: Source & Surface Traits10 of 55The Sixteen Personality Factors11 of 55Cattell: The Big FiveCattell believed that five factors were most important:OpennessConscientiousnessExtraversionAgreeableNeuroticismhttp://www.outofservi ce.com/bigfive/12 of 55Graphic: The Big Five13 of 55Evaluation of Trait Theories• Are traits as pervasive as trait theories claim? Is someone shy always or does it depend on the situation?• Are traits as enduring and unchangeable as trait theories claim? Can we change our traits? If so, how easily?• Are traits affected by social and cultural upbringing? Or are our personalities formed at birth and unchanging thereafter?•Objectivity, individual differences, context dependent traits?14 of 55Psychoanalytic Theory15 of 55Sigmund Freud,Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually switched to psychoanalysis (Free recall, free association)Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory16 of 55Id• Totally unconscious• Pleasure Principle, Immediate GratificationThe Id, Ego, and SuperegoEgo: Executive; directs id energies•Reality Principle:17 of 55Superego: Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego Two parts- Conscience: what we shouldn’t do or be- Ego Ideal: what we should do or beThe Id, Ego, and Superego, continued18 of 5519 of 5520 of 55Conscious: Everything you are aware of at a given momentPreconscious: Material that can easily be brought into awarenessUnconscious: Holds repressed memories and emotions and the id’s instinctual drivesLevels of Awareness21 of 55Graphic: Levels of Awareness22 of 55Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for immediate gratificationNeurotic AnxietyMoral AnxietyReality AnxietyDefense mechanismsCause of Anxiety23 of 55Repression: Exclusion of impulses or memories that are too frightening from conscious awareness. (Supression)Displacement: Ego shifts unacceptable feelings from one object to another, more acceptable object.Intellectualization: is an attempt to gain detachment from a stressful situation by dealing with it in abstract, intellectual terms. Reaction Formation: Ego transforms an unacceptable motive or feeling into its opposite. Projection: Ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others. Rationalization: Ego justifies an unacceptable motive by giving a false acceptable (but false) reason for behaviorDenial: Refusing to acknowledge that the undesired reality exists. Examples of Defense Mechanisms24 of 55Defense Mechanisms Examples• "Everyone around me thinks they're big, funny and clever. They're all telling me my goldfish Swimmy has died. They even thought I'd be fooled by flushing a pretend one down the toilet. She's only hiding because she's cold. But it's ok... I put boiling water in there so she could warm up."What defense mechanism does this show?A)ProjectionB)IntellectualizationC)DisplacementD)Denial25 of 55Defense Mechanisms Examples•"I'm so angry! I missed my bus, forgot my homework, and then I was late for work again which got me a warning. When I got home I punched a wall, screamed at my mom for burning the beans, (how can you burn beans?!). Then I kicked the cat."What defense mechanism am I displaying?A)DisplacementB)DenialC)Reaction FormationD)Intellectualization26 of 55Defense Mechanisms Examples•"I'm so upset right now, but the last thing I want to do is show my feelings to other people! Instead I'll just sit here and smile and it will all pass over."What defense mechanism am I demonstrating?A)ProjectionB)RepressionC)DisplacementD)Rationalization27 of 55According to Freud, personality develops in stages; everyone goes through same stages in same order. Majority of personality is formed before age 6. Conservation of energy: “Libido”Erogenous ZoneFixationPersonality Development28 of 551) Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infant’s pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop. The id is the most dominant part of the personality. • Oral Dependent Personality• Erogenous zone: mouth (oral)2) Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops. Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child either: • Anal Retentive• Anal Expulsive• Erogenous zone: anusPsychosexual Stages of Personality