Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26MotivationChapter 10Motivation•A motivation is a condition that energizes behavior and gives it direction.Theories of Motivation•Drive Theories•Incentive Theories Primary Reinforcers versus Secondary ReinforcersReward and Incentive Motivation•Incentive Motivation•The role of learning in incentive motivation.Incentive SalienceLiking versus WantingReward and Incentive Motivation •Wanting–The Dopamine system (Reward System of the brain)•LikingMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs•Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal.•We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.Homeostasis and Drives•Homeostasis•A set point value is the value that the homeostatic system tries to maintain.Biological Basis of Hunger•Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.It comes from our…•BrainWhat part of the brain?•The HypothalamusHypothalamusLateral HypothalamusVentromedial HypothalamusSet Point Theory•The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.•Wants to maintain a stable weight.Eating DisordersBulimia Nervosa•Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).Anorexia Nervosa•Extreme, self-imposed weight loss.Obesity•Defined as being 30% or more in excess in one’s approriate body weight.•Genetic Factors (Twin studies, metabolic rate)•Fat Cells and its link to genes•Dieting and Set points•Overeating (psychological factors)Causes of Eating Disorders•Sociocultural CausesObjectification Theory , e.g.Fijian girls, exposure to media•Biological Causes: Tendency to develop eating disorders. •Familial Causes: Personality and family factorsSEXUAL IDENTITY:•Sexual identity is developed from any number of influences before, during, and after birth.FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF SEXUAL IDENTITY:BIOLOGICAL SEX:Classification based on our anatomy or genetics.Male Intersex FemaleGENDER:Describes the psychological and social meaning added to being a man or woman.Masculine FeminineGENDER ROLE:•The roles that men and women adopt.GENDER IDENTITY:•One’s internal and psychological sense of oneself as male or female, or both or neither, regardless of sexual orientation.TYPES OF GENDER IDENTITY:•Maleness/Masculine•Femaleness/Feminine•Transgendered•Third Gender•AndrogynyBem’s Sex Role Inventory•The Bem Sex-Role Inventory is a measure of masculinity-femininity and gender roles. It assesses how people identify themselves psychologically.GENDER IDENTITY IS NOT THE SAME AS SEXUAL ORIENTATION:•Sexual orientation is determined by a pattern of romantic, sexual, and emotional attractions felt by an individual toward members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or all sexes.TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION:•Heterosexual•Homosexual•Bisexual•Asexual•PansexualCauses of Sexual Orientation•“What causes homosexuality?” Is it the correct version of the question?•Nature-nurture debate•“Childhood Gender Nonconformity”•Homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder in DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Illnesses) till 1986.TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION:HOMOPHOBIA-•Making generalizations (stereotyping) and/or treating a person or a group unfairly (discrimination) who are though of as gay/lesbian or bisexual. Also, it is an irrational fear, hatred or repulsion of this