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Pitt CS 1550 - Introduction to Operating Systems

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Chapter 1CS 1550:Introduction to Operating SystemsProf. Ahmed [email protected]://www.cs.pitt.edu/~amer/cs1550Chapter 12CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Class outline Introduction, concepts, review & historicalperspective Processes Synchronization Scheduling Deadlock Memory management, address translation, andvirtual memory Operating system management of I/O File systems Security & protection Distributed systems (as time permits)Chapter 13CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Overview: Chapter 1 What is an operating system, anyway? Operating systems history The zoo of modern operating systems Review of computer hardware Operating system concepts Operating system structure User interface to the operating system Anatomy of a system callChapter 14CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)What is an operating system? A program that runs on the “raw” hardware and supports Resource Abstraction Resource Sharing Abstracts and standardizes the interface to the user acrossdifferent types of hardware Virtual machine hides the messy details which must be performed Manages the hardware resources Each program gets time with the resource Each program gets space on the resource May have potentially conflicting goals: Use hardware efficiently Give maximum performance to each userChapter 15CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Operating system timeline First generation: 1945 – 1955 Vacuum tubes Plug boards Second generation: 1955 – 1965 Transistors Batch systems Third generation: 1965 – 1980 Integrated circuits Multiprogramming Fourth generation: 1980 – present Large scale integration Personal computers Next generation: ??? Systems connected by high-speed networks? Wide area resource management?Chapter 16CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)First generation: direct input Runonejobatatime Enter it into the computer (might require rewiring!) Run it Record the results Problem: lots of wasted computer time! Computer was idle during first and last steps Computers were very expensive! Goal: make better use of an expensive commodity:computer timeChapter 17CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Second generation: batch systems Bring cards to 1401 Read cards onto input tape Put input tape on 7094 Perform the computation, writing results to output tape Put output tape on 1401, which prints outputChapter 18CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)$END$RUN$LOADStructure of a typical 2nd generation job$FORTRAN$JOB, 10,6610802, ETHAN MILLERFORTRANprogramData forprogramChapter 19CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Spooling Original batch systems used tape drives Later batch systems used disks for buffering Operator read cards onto disk attached to the computer Computer read jobs from disk Computer wrote job results to disk Operator directed that job results be printed from disk Disks enabled simultaneous peripheral operation on-line (spooling) Computer overlapped I/O of one job with execution ofanother Better utilization of the expensive CPU Still only one job active at any given timeChapter 110CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)OperatingsystemThird generation: multiprogramming Multiple jobs in memory Protected from one another Operating system protectedfrom each job as well Resources (time, hardware)split between jobs Still not interactive User submits job Computer runs it User gets results minutes(hours, days) laterJob 1Job 2Job 3MemorypartitionsChapter 111CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Timesharing Multiprogramming allowed several jobs to be activeat one time Initially used for batch systems Cheaper hardware terminals -> interactive use Computer use got much cheaper and easier No more “priesthood” Quick turnaround meant quick fixes for problemsChapter 112CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Types of modern operating systems Mainframe operating systems: MVS Server operating systems: FreeBSD, Solaris Multiprocessor operating systems: Cellular IRIX Personal computer operating systems: Windows,Unix Real-time operating systems: VxWorks Embedded operating systems Smart card operating systems⇒ Some operating systems can fit into more than onecategoryChapter 113CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Components of a simple PCHard drivecontrollerVideocontrollerMemoryUSBcontrollerNetworkcontrollerOutsideworldCPUComputer internals(inside the “box”)Chapter 114CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)ExecuteunitExecuteunitExecuteunitExecuteunitBufferFetchunitDecodeunitFetchunitDecodeunitFetchunitDecodeunitCPU internalsPipelined CPU Superscalar CPUChapter 115CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Access latency1ns2–5 ns50 ns5ms50 sec<1KB1MB256 MB40 GB>1TBCapacityStorage pyramidRegistersCache (SRAM)Main memory (DRAM)Magnetic diskMagnetic tape Goal: really large memory with very low latency Latencies are smaller at the top of the hierarchy Capacities are larger at the bottom of the hierarchy Solution: move data between levels to create illusion of largememory with low latencyBetterBetterChapter 116CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)Disk drive structuresectorcylinderplatterspindletrackheadactuatorsurfaces Data stored on surfaces Up to two surfaces per platter One or more platters per disk Data in concentric tracks Tracks broken into sectors 256B-1KB per sector Cylinder: correspondingtracks on all surfaces Data read and written byheads Actuator moves heads Heads move in unisonChapter 117CS 1550, cs.pitt.edu (originaly modified by Ethan L. Miller and Scott A. Brandt)MemoryUser programand dataUser programand


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