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UNC-Chapel Hill ENVR 890 - ENVR 890 Exam 1

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Name (Print):________________________ Signature:__________________________ (Honor Code Pledge) ENVR 890 – First Exam – March 17, 2009. Follow directions. Total Points: 112 1. From the list bellow match the name of the microbe with the microbe class it belongs to and the illness or disease it causes (10 points) Microbe name Microbe Type Disease/Illness Microbe Match a. Entamoeba histolytica Bacterium dysentery f. Shigella dysenteriae b. Hepatitis A virus Parasite dysentery a. Entamoeba histolytica c. Salmonella typhi Virus child diarrhea k. Rotavirus d. Dracunculus medinensis Bacterium cholera h. Vibrio cholerae e. Poliovirus Parasite ascariasis i. Ascaris lumbridoides f. Legionella pneumophila Virus paralysis e. Poliovirus h. Vibrio cholerae Bacterium typhoid fever c. Salmonella typhi i. Ascaris lumbricoides Parasite guinea worm disease d. Dracunculus medinensis j. Shigella dysenteriae Bacterium respiratory disease f. Legionella pneumophila j. Rotavirus Virus infectious hepatitis b. Hepatitis A virus 2. Draw a diagram or list in order the main components of the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Framework used by the World Health Organization and the US EPA. Be sure to spell out acronyms and define key terms. (10 points) OR Or the Equivalent of Either One of These in Words 2 points each for: Hazard Identification Exposure Assessment Exposure Response or Effects Assessment Risk Characterization Risk Management3. Of the terms listed below, which treatment processes listed below are used mainly for water treatment, for waste treatment or for both. For each term indicate if the process is primarily Physical (p), Chemical (C), (physical-chemical (P-C), Biological (B) or all three (physical, chemical and biological; P-C-B) (10 points) Process Name Use (Water, Waste or Both) P, C, P-C, B or P-C-B Plain Sedimentation Both Physical________________ Rapid Granular Media Filter Water but will accept Both Physical or Pgysical-Chemical Activated Sludge Waste Biological Composting Waste Biological_______________ Coagulation-flocculation Water; but will accept both P-C Slow sand Filter Water P-C-B; partial credit for B Stabilization Pond Waste PCB; partial credit for B Disinfection, chlorine Both C_____________________ Anaerobic Digestion Waste B________________________ Septic Tank/Soil Absorption Wastew P-C-B; partial credit for P or C or B 4. Define and give a brief meaning or description for the terms below: (2 points each; 12 total) a. Zoonoses Infectious diseases with animal-to-human transmission, with animals as reservoir hosts OR: An infectious disease in animals that can be transmitted to people. The natural reservoir for the infectious agent is a animal. OR something close to the above b. Disability adjusted life year The sum of years of potential life lost due to premature mortality (years of life lost or YLL) and the years of productive life lost due to disability (Years Lived with Disability or YLD) OR: a measure of overall disease burden that is the sum of Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Disability Adjusted Life Year = YLL + YLD c. Latrine A receptacle (as a pit in the earth) for use as a toilet A toilet or something used as a toilet, such as a trench in the earth A privy or water-closet (partial credit) d. Case-Control (epidemiological) study an investigation employing an epidemiologic approach in which previously existing incidents of a medical condition are used in lieu of gathering new information from a randomized population. Control is obtained by comparing known cases of the medical condition with a group of persons who have not developed the medical condition. OR: Studies examining the association between exposure and a health outcome by comparing individuals already ill with the disease of interest (i.e. cases) and a control group who are a sample of the same population from which the cases were identified. OR: Determiniung the relatioinship between disease and risk factrors by comparing the incidence of disease in exposed individuals to matched controlse. Intervention (epidemiological) Study A study comparing the rates of disease in two or more groups (cohorts) of randomly chosen individuals after intervening to change the level of exposure. OR: Epidemiologic study design that is experimental in nature and used to test a hypothesis about a cause-and-effect relationship. OR: An epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized cause and effect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. OR: A study in which participants are randomly assigned to a treatment (exposed) group (cohort) and a control (unexposed) group (cohort) in order to compare them for an outcome measure f. Eco-San Ecological sanitation. The concept and approach of recycling to nature the nutrients and water from human and animal wastes. OR: Eco-san is ecological sanitation, which is a cycle or a sustainable, closed-loop system that treats human excreta as a resource. Human excreta are processed on site and then, if necessary, further processed off site until they are completely free of disease organisms. The nutrients contained in the excreta are then recycled by using them in agriculture or horticulture and the water is recycled for beneficial use. ((or something like this)) 5. Choose (circle) the correct response for each of the statements below: (5 points total; 1 point each) A. The number of people currently without or lacking access to improved water is about: i. Half a (0.5) million ii. One (1) billion iii. Two and a half (2.5) million iv. Five (5) million B. The approximate number of people lacking access to proper sanitation is about: i. Half (0.5) a million ii. One (10 million iii. Two and a half (2.5) billion iv. Four (4) million C. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency the acceptable level of risk of a waterborne disease such as giardiasis is i. One per 10,000 (10-4) per person per day ii. One per 10,000 (10-4) per year iii. One per million (10-6) people per day iv. One per million (10-6) people per year D. According to the World Health Organization the tolerable level of disease risk from a water or excreta pathway is:i. One millionth (10-6) DALYs per person per day ii. One millionth (10-6) DALYs per person per year iii. One ten thousandth


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UNC-Chapel Hill ENVR 890 - ENVR 890 Exam 1

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