Slide 1Global Perspective Might Free Trade Bring Peace to the Middle East?La Raison d’ EtreGeographic and Temporal ProximityPatterns of Multinational CooperationPatterns of Multinational Cooperation (cont’d)A Brief History of European IntegrationSlide 13Slide 17Strategic Implications for Marketing in EuropeMarketing Mix ImplicationsCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS)Slide 31Market Areas of the AmericasFar Eastern Market GroupAsia-Pacific Economic CooperationAfricaSlide 40Middle EastRegional Trading Groups and Emerging MarketsMultinational Market Regions and Market Groups10 - 3Global PerspectiveMight Free Trade Bring Peace to the Middle East?•Multinational Market Regions – those groups of countries that seek mutual economic benefit from reducing trade and tariff barriers.-Most important global trends today•The world is awash in economic cooperative agreements as countries look for economic alliances to expand access to free markets.•Governments and businesses worry that the EU, NAFTA, and other cooperative trade groups will become regional trading blocs without trade restrictions internally but with borders protected from outsiders.10 - 4La Raison d’ Etre•Successful economic union requires favorable economic, political, cultural, and geographic factors as a basis for success.•The advantages of economic union must be clear-cut and significant, and the benefits must greatly outweigh the disadvantages before nations forgo any part of their sovereignty.•In the past, a strong threat to the economic or political security of a nation was the impetus for cooperation.10 - 7Geographic and Temporal ProximityTijuana Residents attend Padres Baseball Games10 - 9Patterns of Multinational Cooperation•Regional cooperation groups-Governments agree to participate jointly to develop basic industries beneficial to each economy.•Free trade area-An agreement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate customs duties and nontariff trade barriers among partner countries while members maintain individual tariff schedules for external countries.•Customs union-Enjoys free trade area’s reduced or eliminated internal tariffs and adds a common external tariff on products imported from countries outside the union.10 - 10Patterns of Multinational Cooperation (cont’d)•Common market-Eliminates all tariffs and other restrictions on internal trade, adopts a set of common external tariffs, and removes all restrictions on the free flow of capital and labor among member nations.•Political union-Involves complete political and economic integration, either voluntary or enforced.-Commonwealth – a voluntary organization providing for the loosest possible relationship that can be classified as economic integration.-Two new political unions came into existence in the 1990s:•The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)•The European Union (EU)10 - 12A Brief History of European Integration10 - 13A Brief History of European Integration10 - 17A Brief History of European Integration10 - 27Strategic Implications for Marketing in Europe•Multinational groups spell opportunity in bold letters through access to greatly enlarged markets with reduced or abolished country-by-country tariff barriers and restrictions.•World competition will intensify as businesses become stronger and more experienced in dealing with large market groups.•Opportunities-Economic integration creates large mass markets for the marketer•Market barriers-The initial aim of a multinational market is to protect businesses that operate within its borders.•Reciprocity-If a country does not open its market to an EU firm, it cannot expect to have access to the EU market.10 - 28Marketing Mix Implications•In the past, companies often charged different prices in different European markets.•As long as products from lower-priced markets could not move to higher-priced markets, such differential price schemes worked.-Beddedas Shower Gel•In addition to initiating uniform pricing policies, companies are reducing the number of brands they produce to focus advertising and promotion efforts.10 - 30Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)10 - 31Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)•Exhibit 10.610 - 32Market Areas of the Americas10 - 37Far Eastern Market Group•Insert Exhibit 10.910 - 38Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation•Formed in 1989•APEC provides a formal structure for the major governments of the region, including the U.S. and Canada, to discuss their mutual interests in open trade and economic collaboration.•Includes all major economies of the region and the most dynamic, fastest-growing economies in the world.•Common goal and commitment:-To open trade-To increase economic collaboration-To sustain regional growth and development-To strengthen the multilateral trading system-To reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment to other economies.10 - 39Africa10 - 40Africa10 - 42Middle East•The Middle East has been less aggressive in the formation of successfully functioning multinational market groups.•A long history of border disputes and persisting ideological differences will have to be overcome.•Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)•Creation of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)-Represents 60 countries and over 650 million Muslims worldwide-The member countries’ vast natural resources, substantial capital, and cheap labor force are seen as the strengths of the OIC.10 - 43Regional Trading Groups and Emerging Markets•Two opposing views prevailed regarding the direction of global trade in the future.-The world is dividing into major regional trading groups such as the European Union, NAFTA, and the ASEAN Free Trade Area that are now and will continue to be the major markets of the future.-Global economic power may be shifting away from the traditional industrial markets to the developing world and its emerging markets.•Many experts predict that over the next 50 years the majority of global economic growth will be in the developing world principally in those countries identified as emerging