The Cognitive BrainNeurons: The Building Blocks of the BrainSlide 3Structure of the Nervous SystemSlide 5The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Cerebral CortexSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Subcortical AreasSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Studying CognitionConverging Evidence for Dissociations and AssociationsBehavioral MethodsSlide 22Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of LocalizationSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Causal Neural MethodsChapter 1 1The Cognitive BrainNeurons: The Building Blocks of the BrainStructure of the Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Cerebral CortexSubcortical AreasChapter 1 2Neurons: The Building Blocks of the BrainChapter 1 3Chapter 1 4Structure of the Nervous SystemChapter 1 5Structure of the Nervous SystemChapter 1 6The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe autonomic nervous system (ANS) is traditionally divided into two major parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares an animal to respond more vigorously and accurately during an emergency. –increases the heart rate (so more oxygen and nutrients are delivered to organs).–increases the breathing rate (thus providing more oxygen)–dilates the pupils (resulting in greater sensitivity to light).–causes the palms of the hands to become moist (thus providing better grip).–reduces digestive functions, including salivation (putting them “on hold”).–relaxes the bladder (suspending another function that isn’t crucial in an emergency).Chapter 1 7The Cerebral CortexChapter 1 8Chapter 1 9Chapter 1 10Chapter 1 11Chapter 1 12Chapter 1 13Chapter 1 14Subcortical AreasChapter 1 15Chapter 1 16Chapter 1 17Chapter 1 18Chapter 1 19Studying CognitionConverging Evidence for Dissociations and AssociationsBehavioral MethodsCorrelational Neural Methods: The Importance of LocalizationCausal Neural MethodsModelingNeural-Network ModelsChapter 1 20Converging Evidence for Dissociations and AssociationsConverging evidence: different types of results that imply the same conclusion, lies at the heart of successful investigations in cognitive psychology.Many of the methods in cognitive psychology are used to accomplish two general types of goals:Dissociation: to establish that an activity or a variable affects the performance of one task (or aspect of one task) but not of another.Double dissociation: an activity or variable affects one process but not another and a second activity or variable has the reverse properties. Association: occurs when the effects of an activity or variable on one task are accompanied by effects on another task.Chapter 1 21Behavioral MethodsA behavioral method measures directly observable behavior such as the time to respond or the accuracy of a response. Researchers attempt to draw inferences about internal representation and processing from such directly observable responses.Chapter 1 22Chapter 1 23Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of Localization Cognitive psychology has become extraordinarily exciting during the past decade because researchers have developed relatively inexpensive, high-quality methods for assessing how the human brain functions. These methods are correlational: although they reveal the pattern of brain activity that accompanies information processing, they do not show that activation in specific brain areas actually results in the task’s being carried out. Correlation does not necessarily imply causation.Chapter 1 24Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of Localization We can evaluate the various correlational neural methods on four dimensions: (1) Spatial resolution, how precisely they localize the brain area that produces a signal. (2) Temporal resolution, how precisely they track changes in brain activity over time.(3) Invasiveness, the degree to which they require introduction of foreign substances into the brain. (4) Cost, both for the equipment (and any special facilities) and for its use in each participant test. The three most important neuroimaging.Chapter 1 25Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of LocalizationChapter 1 26 A PET scan in progress. An fMRI scan in progress.Chapter 1 27Causal Neural
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