Governance of the Futures MarketsEarly DaysLegitimizing FuturesThe Birth of the CFTCBeyond CommoditiesBeyond Commodities IICurrent Governance StructureCurrent Trends in Governance ICurrent Governance IIOrdersMarket OrderLimit OrderStop OrderPrice LimitsSlide 15Slide 16Regulations when tradingCommunicating in the PitSlide 19Hand SignalsTrading AheadDecline of Open OutcryQuestionsThe EndStuart Bell, Michael Rieke3/2/2009First futures contract – Japan 1710: Dojima Rice Exchance•Samurai needed stable conversion of rice to currency.1852: First formal futures contract written in the US at Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME).Almost all trading is on grain, specifically wheat.Until 1922 no formal governing body existed for futures trading – done through bills in CongressDebate existed as to legitimacy of futures, some saw them as “unnatural” or even evil.1868 -1880: Futures traders dispense completely with handling physical underlying.•1885-1889: 8.5 Billion bushels of wheat traded in New York, only 16.5 million enter city.This practice of “conceptual trades,” trading goods without actually possessing them, is a new one.Hearings began in congress to determine if these “fictitious dealings” would be permitted.Compromise is reached: Futures pits will be allowed, “bucket rooms” banned.Rule created is that of “contemplating delivery”•Traders must “contemplate corporeal goods” while trading in futures. – Supposed to maintain responsibility, what do you think?1922: Congress realizes that a formal agency is needed to oversee the futures markets•Creates Grain Futures Administration (GFA), a division of the USDA.By 1936 futures are being written on other commodities such as cotton and butter.•The GFA is seen as inadequate, another bill is passed.•Creates Commodity Exchange Authority (CEA) 1974: Federal Government realizes futures are expanding in scope beyond that of the CEA. Decides a new, much more powerful agency is needed.•Creates the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)1971: Nixon closes the gold window and exchange rates float worldwide.1972: International Monetary Market (IMM) founded•Facilitates futures trading on foreign currency allowing entities to hedge against the new movements in exchange rates.•Represents the first non-commodity future.•Sets the stage for future innovation.1975: High inflation and fluctuating interest rates prompt the IMM to propose futures contracts based on interest rates.•Based on US Treasury securities (bonds and notes)  Fed and Treasury are concerned.•Newly created and powerful CFTC sees potential benefits, decides to approve their creation.•Represents first futures contracts based upon a financial security, creating financial futures.1982: CFTC Approves trading of stock index futures.•S&P 500, NYSE composite, Value Line Average•First futures based on an equity index.1982: CFTC approves creation of National Futures Association (NFA)•Non-government agency funded by membership dues paid by all futures market members.•Handles specific exchange regulation while CFTC performs broad oversight.Throughout 80’s & 90’s further applications for futures are approved.US Regulatory Authorities consist of the CFTC and NFA.Exchanges still maintain significant autonomy and ability to self-regulate.ExchangeExchangeNFACFTCTraders TradersExchanges are merging, globalizing, and moving to electronic trades.•80% of CME trading now down electronically.•2006 NYSE merged with Euronext, huge electronic European exchange.•Many see open outcry pits as eventually disappearing completely.As a result of the markets becoming globalized and further interconnected, regulatory bodies are having to adapt .•2006: CTFC & UK Financial Services Authority forge agreement for co-operation.•2008: CTFC and SEC agree to co-operate officially on reviewing and monitoring new derivatives.Now to how futures trading actually works:There are 3 main types of orders•Market Order•Limit Order•Stop OrderIs a buy or sell order to be executed by the broker immediately at current market pricesSimplest of the order typesIn fast-moving markets, the price paid or received may be quite different from the last price quoted before the order was enteredIs an order to buy at no more (or sell at no less) than a specific priceGives the customer some control over the price at which the trade is executedMay prevent the order from being executedIs an order to buy (or sell) a security once the price of the security has climbed above (or dropped below) a specified stop priceWhen the specified stop price is reached, the stop order is entered as a market order.Customer does not have to actively monitor how the contract is performingBecause the order is placed as a market order once the limit is hit the price can be different than the stop priceLimits are made with the aim of protecting the investorsThey are meant to prevent unreasonable price movements on the market in one trading day. The limits are to cause breaks in the action when trading becomes especially volatileThese limits arePdetermined by the futures exchangeP(with CFTCPapproval)If the price reaches the upper or lower limit trading can be halted this could be for a few minutes or it could be for the rest of the dayThis “cooling off period” is to prevent panic in the market. After this period the limits could be expanded by the board of the exchange and trading can resume.When the limit is hit trading is not always halted sometimes trading can continue at a price that does not break the upper or lower limit. This decision is up to the board of the exchangeTrading on the exchange floor is restricted to Members of that exchange.Seats on an exchange can be bought or leased and vary in price depending on which exchange it is and the supply and demand for that seat. (Chicago, Kansas City, New York, London)There are locals on the exchange floor (people trading for their own accounts) and floor brokers (people trading for others). Floor brokers are also allowed to trade own their own behalf but, only if it does not affect their clients.Open Outcry•This system works by “buyers” yelling out their best offer price, while “sellers” yell out their best sell price when they yell out the same a contract is made.•Requires that